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science finals 2
sydney and roberts guide to how to pass science semester 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the smallest portion an element can be divided into | atom |
| positive charge located in the nucleas | proton |
| no charge, located in the nucleas | neutron |
| negative charge located outside the nucleas | electron |
| neutral charge | nucleas |
| any substance that cant be broken down | element |
| two or more elements | compound |
| a route through which an electric current can flow | circuit |
| a flow of electrons from a high to low concentration | current |
| a material or device that prevents or reduces the passage of electricity | insulator |
| a substance body or medium that allows electricity to pass along it or through it | conductor |
| example of an insulator | rubber |
| example of a conductor | metal |
| heat energy | involves changing temps. ex. candle |
| nuclear energy | energy involved in breaking apart or creating the nucleus of an atom. ex. nuclear bombs |
| mechanical energy | involves movement of physical objects by applications of force. ex. turning tires on a car or turning blades on a fan |
| electrical energy | energy involved by movement of electrons. ex. electricity |
| light energy | energy associated with the movement of photons. example. tanning visible light sunburn |
| chemical energy | energy involving rearranging atoms resulting in creating or destroying a chemical compound. ex. combustion from car engines |
| 3 types of fossil fuels | oil, natural gas, coal |
| description of lignite coal | soft chunks; black and dull |
| description of bituminous coal | black chunks, some yellow, shiny |
| description of peat coal | fairly loose, spongy, deposit of plant remains from a water saturated environment. |
| description of athracite coal | more carbon and less water than other types of coal |
| types of coal from least dense to most dense. | peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite |
| what is the main fossil fuel used in the u.s? | coal |
| if you have high quality of coal, how does that impact energy generation? | you have a better energy generation |
| first step of the coal burning process | coal is crushed and mixed with air |
| second step of the cbp | blown into the boiler |
| third step of the cbp | burned in boiler to create steam |
| fourth step of the cbp | turbine powers generator |
| fifth step of the cbp | generator creates electrical power |
| sixth step of the cbp | electricity is transmitted through wires to the house |
| what do we measure using the calorimeter | food energy (calories) |
| is kilowatt, megawatt, or watt the smallest? and biggest? | smallest, watt. biggest, megawatt. |
| what are they products of a coal burning power plant? | sulfer dixodie nitrogen oxides mercury ash |
| what two compounds are most resposible for producing acid rain? | sulfer dixiodes nitrogen oxides |
| what unit is used to measure particulates | microns |
| what are some negative consequences of thermal pollution? | algae bloom, raises temp, lower oxygen levels in water, fish die, fish eggs will not hatch |
| how does water temp relate to the dissolved oxygen level? | the warmer the water the lower dissolved oxygen |
| which fish would best survive in the highest water temp? | large mouth bass |
| which layer is closest to earth? | troposphere |
| which layer is directly above the stratosphere? | mesosphere |
| which layer contains ozone? | stratosphere |
| which layer is the hottest? | thermosphere |
| carbon dioxide | CO2. colorless odorless, nonpoisioness gas, that is a normal part of the air plants use it. |
| nitrogen oxide | NOx. a cheif component of our pollution produced by the burning of fossil fuels (gives smog a brownish color) |
| sulfur dioxide | SO2. a colorless gas that can irriritate the lungs and is a major contribute to acidic depostition when released into the atmosphere. |
| methane | CH4. a colorless odorless gas with a distribution in nature. is the principle components of natural gas. |
| carbon monoxide | CO. an odorless gas that interferes with the delivery of oxygen from the blood to the body and it is very important of the chemistry of the lower atmosphere |
| pH range for acid | 1-6 |
| pH range for base | 8-14 |
| pH range for neutral | 7 |
| two ways power plants use water | cooling and making steam |
| coal is mostly made of what element | carbon |
| what size particulates are most harmful? | smaller |
| how can fossil fuel power plants have affects on large distances? | burning fossil fuels |
| pollution caused by abnormally heating the air, land , or water | thermal pollution |
| the unit used to measure particulates that equal a length to one millionth of a meter | micron |
| small solid particles & liquid droplets that are suspended in the air. | particulate |
| bad ozone found at ground level. is a pollutant | ground level ozone |
| they form when fossil fuels such as benzone and hydrocarbons do not completely burn ethylane | volatile organic compounds (vocs) |
| invisible gas that has a sharp acidic smell and taste. protects earth from uv rays from the sun | ozone |
| 6 predicted effects of global climate change | -ecosystem shifts and species extinction -melting ice and snow -more severe weather events -human health problems -ocean levels rise -warmer temperatures |
| average temp after a long period of time | climate |
| short term atmospheric conditions | weather |
| the reflective quality of earths atmosphere | albedo |
| when something reflects sunlight | reflected solar energy |
| when sunlight is taken in and retained by a substance and converted to heat energy | absorbed solar energy |
| to move electricity to the power plant to the point of use. usually through wires | transmit |
| a condition where greenhouse gasses make the earth warmer by trapping heat in the atmosphere | greenhouse effect |
| an average increase in the earths temp which in turn changes the climate | global warming |
| ocean current that travels from the labrador sea to the eastern tu=ip of south africa. also travels along the coast of north america to northwestern europe. | north atlantic deep water circulation |
| ex of transmitted solar energy | plastic wrap |
| ex of absorbed solar energy | black construction paper |
| ex of reflected solar energy | aluminum foil |
| 5 greenhouse gases | carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, water vapor, and cfc's |
| which greenhosue gas is the most important? | water vapor |
| what is the main human activity that causes global warming? | burning fossil fuels |
| list 3 ways that methane is produced | domesticated animals, cultivating rice, and decomposing garbage. |
| what did the tree rings show about the clinmate in the past 20 years? | warm and dry; small rings |
| describe two negative results of melting glaciers | not as much reflected energy, rising sea levels |
| whaat type of ground cover absorbs the most energy? | bare soil |
| what type of ground cover absorbs the least energy? | ice |
| what do scientist predict about the warming trend over the next 100 years? | it will increase |
| what is the relationship between albedo and surface temp? | if albedo increases, surface temp decreases. |
| what is the main debate about global warming? | whether or not humans caused it or not |
| what is the argument against global warming? | that is is not humans it is the natural cycles of earth. |
| 3 negative health effects for humans of global climate change | heat waves/ heat related deahts, spread of diseases, and air quality problems |
| alternative energy, nuclear | nucleas of atom split to make energy |
| ae, hyrdroelectric | flow of water |
| ae, biomass | organic matter |
| ae, geothermal | water geysers |
| ae, solar | sun's energy (panels) |
| ae, wind | turbine catches the wind power |
| what are two drawbacks of using the alternative energies | -expensive -not consistent power, needs another power when it is not available |
| a layer of soil | horizon |
| name an element that has an equal amount of protons and neutrons | carbon nitrogen and oxygen |
| independant variable | does not change |
| dependant variable | changes |
| what locations on earth reflect the most sunlight? | the poles, russia , greenland, norway, northern africa |
| which locations on earth reflect the least sunlight? | south america, south africa, australia, north america |
Created by:
robertc2234
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