Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
genetics 7 and 8
chapters 7 and 8 genetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Polygenic | the affect of more than one gene on a trait |
| Multifactorial | traits which are influenced by the environment, can be medelian or polygenic, also called complex traits |
| Common multifactorial traits | height and skin color, illness, and behavioral traits |
| Quantitative trait loci | the part of the chromosomes tha tcontribute to polygenic traits |
| Mendelian traits are qualitative with either a “affected or normal” while polygenic are more quatitative such as eye color, how much brown pigment | |
| Polygenic traits express | a bell shaped curve |
| Fingerprint patterns are multifactorial and polygenic | |
| Example of a pure polygenic trait | eyecolor |
| How eyecolor works | pigments are laid down in distinctive peaks an dvalleys in the back of the iris. 2 Lipochromes are greenish-blue pigment, and brownes are melanin. Browns mask green and blue and everything makss pure blue which is the absence o fcolor |
| Skin color is not a reliable indicator of heritage | |
| Making specific drugs based on race is not a good idea, because the genetic similarities aren’t 100% | |
| MDR variation is a more biologically meainingful basis for dividing people up (MDR=multidrug resistance) | |
| Empiric risk | incidence of appearance of a trait in a specific population, by observation, not a calculation |
| Heritability | H, estimates the proportion of the phenotypic variation for a particular trait that is due to genes ina certain population at a certain time. |
| Empiric risk could result from nongenetic influences, where heritability focuses on genetic component | |
| Heritability changes as the environment changes | |
| Correlation coefficient | the proportion fo genes that two people related in a certain way share, sibling and parents share 50%, primary, grandparetns are secondary at 25% |
| Multifactorial traits can be studied best in humans with adopted children and twin studies | |
| Correlation between cause of death of parent and cause of death of adopted child | |
| Concordanace | percentage of pairs in which bothdwins express the traits |
| Concordanance for tune deafness and for similar grades | |
| Genetic influence for children lagging behind in school, higher for monozygotic twins | |
| Twins reared apart is not perfect because early development happened in the same conditions | |
| Adoption studies are nto perfectely controlled because the adoption gencies search for adoptive families with similar ethnic , socioeconomic or religious backgrounds | |
| Some things in twin studies gets distorted because their environments are so similar, like higher rates of TB | |
| Association studies | wher eSNP patterns between groups of individuals are studied, could be a case study, or pertain to s certain disease |
| Cardiac health is regulated by at least 50 genes | |
| Heritability for BMI is .55 | |
| Leptin lets people know they are full, and in some people they did not actually produce leptin | |
| When the environment changes, the body can change too. Pima Indians normally used to living off the land, when they have access to all the fired food of the USA they get morbidly obese. | |
| Thrifty gene hypothesis | hunter-gatherers who survived famine had genes that enabled them to conserve fat |
| Fertile crescent hypothesis | area where there was an abundant amount of food, so the genes promoted leanness |
| Behavioral traits | abilities, feelings, moods, personality, intelligence, and how a person communicates, copes with rage an dhandles stress |
| 2 new approaches to understanding behavioral traits | association studies that correlate genetic markers such as SNP patterns, analysis of mutations in specific candidate geneses that are present exclusively in individuals with behavior |
| Genes control the production of myelin, enzymes oversee the synthesis of neurotransmitters | |
| ADHD | a transporter protein shuttles dopamine between neurons and attaches on the post synaptic neuron, drugs target dopamine |
| There is a high heritability for autism, but there is a possible of 14 chromosomes that may be linked to it | |
| Problems with behavior genetics | different individuals may react to situations with different intensities, and self-reporting of sympotoms is subjective |
| Anorexia has the highest risk of death of any psychiatric disorder | |
| Most eating disorder studies exclude males, and it is not known if it is a copied behavior, or genetic in family | |
| Four of five stagesof sleep confirm herediatary influence, whiel REM sleep which is associated with dreaming reflects more of experience rather than genes | |
| Narcolepsy and cataplexy | mutation in a gene that encodes a receptor for hypocretin, the receptor does not arrive ath the cell surfaces fo brain cells which don’t receive signals to stay awake, deficient in hypocretin/orexin |
| Familial advancesd sleep phase syndrome | on chromosome 2, autosomal dominant, wakes and falls asleep at the same exact time |
| Circadian peacemaker | sleep wake cycle, controlled by suprachiasmatic nuclei, wakes you abruptly |
| Francis Galton | said ther was a hereditary basis for intelligence |
| Binet | IQ test, modified by Stanford |
| Environment does not play a great roel in IQ differences | |
| Certain SNP pattern in genes encoding neural cellular adhesion molecules correlate with ah high IQ | |
| Heritability of intelligence increases over time | |
| Drug addiction involves toleratnce and dependence | |
| Tolerance is the need to take more of the drug to achieve the same effects as tiem goes on | |
| Effects of cocaine semm to be largely confined to nucleus accumbens and alcohol affects the prefrontal cortex | |
| Tetrahydrocannabinol (pot), binds to anandamide receptors which is produced in the brain, bind to presynaptic neurons instead of postsynaptic neurons | |
| Major depressive disorder | |
| Two most prevalent mood disorders are major depressive disorder an dbipolar affective disorder, serotonin deficiency , overactive reuptake pumps | |
| Ssris” selective serotonin reuptake pumps treat depression and biplar disorder, older antidepressants called tricyclic target norephinephrine | |
| People with depression respond to placebo effect | |
| Mitochondrial DNA may cause bipolar, polygenic | |
| Schizophrenia | debilitating loss fo the ability to organize thoughts and perceptions which leads to a withdrawl from reality, plateaus, significant environmental component, when mother develops influenza, baby is more likely , large ventricles |
Created by:
reidabook
Popular Biology sets