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Neoplasm Objectives
Neoplasm for Pathophysiology
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Benign tumor | Not cancer |
Malignant | cancer |
Benign tumor | normal cells/similar |
Benign tumor | differentiated |
benign tumor | mitosis normal |
benign tumor | growth slow |
benign tumor | expanding mass |
benign tumor | remains localized |
benign tumor | rare systemic effects |
benign tumor | not life threatening unless in brain |
Malignant | varied in size & shape w/large nuclei |
malignant | many undifferentiated |
malignant | mitosis increased & atypical |
malignant | rapid growth |
malignant | cells not adhesive |
malignant | invades nearby tissues |
malignant | metastasizes to distant sites via blood & lymph vessels |
malignant | systemic effects often present |
malignant | life threatening by tissue |
malignant | destruction & spread of tumors |
local effects of malignant | pain, obstruction, tissue necrosis |
systemic effects | weight loss, anemia, severe fatigue, infections bleeding, paraneoplastic syndromes |
Warning signs of cancer | unusual bleeding or discharge anywhere in the body |
Warning signs of cancer | change in bowel or bladder habit (prolong diarrhea) |
Warning signs of cancer | sore that does not heal |
Warning signs of cancer | change in wart or mole (size, shape, color) |
Warning signs of cancer | unexplained weight loss |
Warning signs of cancer | anemia, low hemoglobin, persistent fatigue |
Warning signs of cancer | persistent cough or hoarseness w/o reason |
Warning signs of cancer | solid lump, painless, in breast, testes or anywhere |
common diagnostic test for cancer | blood test |
common diagnostic test for cancer | tumor markers |
common diagnostic test for cancer | x-ray, ultrasound, MRI, CT |
common diagnostic test for cancer | cytoliogic (biopsies) |
spread of malignant tumors | invasion/stage 1 |
spread of malignant tumors | metastasis/stage 4 |
spread of malignant tumors | seeding/stage 2, 3 |
staging cancer | primary tumor size (t) |
staging cancer | node involvement (n) |
staging cancer | metastasis (m) |
cachexia | weight loss (severe muscle wasting) |
initiating | cause 1st change to cell |
promoters | hormones & environmental chemicals |
exposure | continued |
metastasis | spreading |
risks | genetic, viruses, radiation, chemicals, biologic, age, diet, hormones |
prevention | limit sun exposure, regular medical & dental exams, alter diet |
host defenses against cancer | cancer suppressors/Tcells |
tumor nomenclature | tumors named according to a system |
carcinogenesis | process which normal cells transformed into cancer cells |
treatment measures | curative, palliative |
adverse effects of chemotherapy/radiation | nausea, hair loss, loss of appetite |
implication for physical therapy | active, want to eat |
treatment measures | surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy |
dose limiting | low cell count |
anaplasia | lack of differentiation |
transformation | conversion of normal cells to cancerous |
general treatment side effects | #1 fatigue |
palliative | alleviating symptoms |