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BiologyFinal Chaiken
ASIJ 10th grade 2012 final exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is being neutral? | Protons=neutrons |
| What is being stable? | two electrons on the first orbit and eight on the second |
| Covalent bond | bonding by sharing electrons to create stability |
| Is being neutral and stable the same thing? | No |
| What is true about positives and negatives? | They attract |
| What is a chemical reaction? | A sentence telling you what you begin with and the new molecules that are made. |
| How can you break stability? | Make collisions with kinetic energy. |
| What is the law of conservation? | Thou shall not create nor destroy Atoms and energy |
| Radial | like a circle |
| Bilateral | same on both sides |
| Ingest | take in food through the mouth |
| Absorptive | food goes through skin directly, no mouth |
| Prokaryotic | No nuclear membrane |
| Eukaryotic | has a nuclear membrane |
| How to make more collisions | increasing heat= more collisions. cannot heat cells-> death |
| What is an acid | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 More H+ and less OH- |
| What is a base | 8, 9,10, 11, 12, 13,14 more OH- and less H+ |
| What is a neutral pH | 7, pH of blood |
| What are you measuring when measuring a pH? | hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions |
| How do we use radiation for good? | sterilize food by killing fungus and bacteria |
| What is an isotope relationship? | same atom, different mass (same atom, different neuron) |
| 4 food groups | proteins(amino acids), carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids |
| monomer plus monomer | dimer |
| 3 or more monomers | polymer |
| What is an enzyme | enzymes are catalysts that slow down or speed up a reaction, but remain unchanged |
| dehydration synthesis | to remove water, building monomers together |
| What is an isomer? | same atom, different shape |
| what is a protein? | one or more polypeptides with shape |
| What is true about all of the food groups? | Organic and molecules of carbon |
| Are enzymes reusable? | Yes |
| Where do reactions take place? | Enzyme active sights? |
| How can an active sight be destroyed? | pH levels other than 7 and really high temperatures |
| monomer of amino acid | peptide |
| How are carbohydrate drawn? | Hexagons |
| monomer of carbohydrate | monosaccharide |
| 3 examples of monosaccharides | glucose, fructose, galactose |
| dimer of carbohydrate | disaccharide |
| examples of disaccharide | maltose, sucrose, lactose |
| Glucose+glucose | maltose |
| function of maltose | candy sweetener |
| glucose+fructose | sucrose |
| function of sucrose | table sugar |
| glucose+galactose | lactose |
| function of lactose | energy in milk |
| polymer of carbohydrate | polysaccharide |
| examples of polysaccharides | cellulose, starch, glycogen |
| function of cellulose | cell wall of plants |
| function of starch | energy in plants |
| function of glycogen | energy in animals |
| Examples of Lipids | wax, oil and fat |
| what is a lipid made of? | one glycerol and three fatty acids |
| What are the parts of nucleic acids? | phosphate component, monosaccharide component and nitrogen base component |
| monomers of nucleic acid? | nucleotides |
| What is in DNA? | thymine, adenine, guanine, cytosine |
| What is in RNA? | uracil, adenine, guanine, cytosine |
| Where is the weak bonds in DNA and RNA? | horizontal bonds |
| Where are the strong bonds in DNA and RNA? | vertical bonds |
| What is a catalyst? | surface for reaction collision which results in products |
| What are the different kinds of catalysts? | 1. inorganic 2. organic |
| What is the cell theory? | all life is cellular and all cells come from cells |
| What is a membrane made of? | proteins and lipids |
| What are the function of flagella and cilia? | help the cell move |
| What is the fluent mosaic model? | In the membrane, there are two layers of lipids that move around, they are fluid. There are proteins which are located where needed, they are mosaic. |
| What is a permease? | tubular, transport protein in the membrane, lets things in and out (selectively permeable) |
| What helps the permease decide who to let in? | Size, charges may repel or attract |
| What is diffusion? | How particles move in/out of a cell. All particles naturally and spontaneously go from high to low concentration |
| Going from uphill to downhill | passive transport |
| going from downhill to uphill | active transport |
| How can molecules move uphill? | Supply energy, use permease pump |
| What is a chloroplast? | green, only found in plants, location of photosynthesis |
| What is mitochondria? | do respiration |
| Compound microscope | less depth, thin specimens, transmitted light |
| stereo microscope | more depth, thick specimens, reflected light |
| How to convert mm to micrometers | move decimal 4 places |
| What is transcribe? | To make a copy |
| What is the ribosome? | Amino acids are assembled |
| What is the ER? | material is packed in vesicle for transport |
| What is the golgi body? | modifies and repackages polypeptides in vesicle |
| What energy is used to run photosynthesis? | red and blue |
| What colors can our eyes see? | red, blue and green |
| What is a pigment? | reflects and absorbs different energies |
| Chlorophyll | pigment in green plants. absorbs red and blue but reflects green. This is why we see green. |
| What are stoma | Openings in the leaf for diffusion |
| Pipes in leafs | 1. water 2. sucrose |
| What is a cuticle on a leaf for? | it is a layer of wax. It is air tight and water tight, does not absorb water |
| What is oxidize? | To release energy |
| What is to reduce? | To trap energy |
| What are the two batteries? | ATP and NADH |
| What are the oxidized forms of the batteries? | ADP and NAD |
| Is a cell wall selectively permeable? | No |
| What plant cells do not have chloroplasts? | Root cells, they don't do photosynthesis because they are underground |
| What is an excited electron? | the electron that absorbs the red and blue energy during photosynthesis to charge the NAD and ADP batteries, which in turn charge the calvin cycle |
| What is the calvin cycle? | uses the NADH and STP batteries and carbon dioxide, and 5PGALs are required to keep it moving. It is the source of all organic food groups |
| What is the energy conversion in photosynthesis? | Light energy to electron bond energy |
| How can you tell if something is organic | It has carbon |
| What is transpiration? | diffusion of water through the leaf through the xylem pipe |
| What does 'vascular' mean? | pipes |
| What are the vascular bundles in the leafs? | xylem and phloem pipes |
| What are phloem pipes? | Alive cells that transport food for the leaf. (glucose and sucrose) |
| What are xylem pipes? | dead cells that transport water to the leaf. |
| What is tension for in getting water to the leaf? | The hydrogen is positive and oxygen is negative, so they pull up the pipe to the leaf. |
| What is cohesion? | when similar things stick together |
| What is adhesion? | When different things stick together |
| When will more diffusion in a leaf happen? | On a dry, windy day |
| Why is there more diffusion when it is hot? | More kinetic energy causes molecules to spread out more which means more diffusion |
| What is a cambium? | Special name for meristematic cells in a tree trunk |
| Where are the younger cells in a tree trunk. | The ones that are closest to the cambium |
| What happens to a tree every spring? | A ring of xylem cells is pushed to the inside of the cambium and a ring of phloem cells are pushed to the outside of the cambium |
| What is the bark on a tree? | The old phloem cells |
| What is wood on a tree? | The accumulated xylem cells. |
| What is a herbaceous plant? | It has no wood and it has a soft stem, only lives 1.5 years |
| What is a meristematic cell? | They are baby cells who have not yet decided what to be. they always exist in plants |
| What are stem cells? | baby cells of animals that can be used for repair. When placed in a damaged area, they will decide to become new cells for repair |
| If a boy writes his name in a tree, and comes back 20 years later, will his name be higher in the tree, or in the same place? Why? | His name will still be at the same height in the tree because trees grow out and not up because of the phloem cells being pushed to the outside and xylem to the inside |
| What is the point of root hairs? | They increase the surface area of a root so that the amount of water taken in can increase as well |
| What is carbon fixation | The calvin cycle (capturing carbon dioxide and making it into PGAL, which makes all other food groups. 5 PGALs are required to keep it going |
| Which cells are heterotrophs? | Animals and fungus |
| What makes fungus an absorptive heterotroph? | they absorb food through their cells |
| explain "I am what i eat" | I eat a cow, now i must digest the polymer, the amino acids enter my cell. I now make my own proteins with the cow amino acids. |
| what is phagocytosis? | A solid doing endocytosis |
| What is pinocytosis? | A liquid doing endocytosis |
| What is a lipid made of? | 3 fatty acids and a glycerol |
| what is protein made of? | amino acids |
| what are nucleic acids made of? | nucleotides |
| What are carbohydrates made of? | monosaccharides |
| What are the organic foods that we must eat? | carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins |
| what are the inorganic foods we must eat? | water, oxygen, iron, iodine, salt |
| What is an alimentary canal? | food passes through the pipe (mouth) and is processed, whatever cannot be used, exits the pipe(butt hole) |
| Where does physical and chemical breakdown of food happen? | The mouth |
| What is the difference between physical and chemical breakdown of food? | physical: one item is broken down to smaller versions of the same item, but smaller. only the size changes chemical: One item is broken down to its different components. bonds are broken |
| What are teeth good for? | The physical breakdown of food. |
| Why is it good to chew your food a lot? | You get to have more surface area and therefore, enzymes can run more lock and key chemical reactions |
| What are the two different types of teeth? | Canines, which are sharp, and good for cutting meat molars, dull, are good for grinding |
| What kind of digestive system does a hydra have? | A bag like system |
| What kind of digestive system does a pseudopodia have? | searches to engulf food |
| What is a gland? | They make specific molecules and secrete them out of a duct |
| What two tubes come out of the pharynx tube? | 1. esophagus (food) 2. Trachea (air) |
| Where do carbohydrates start digestion? | In the mouth |
| What is amylase? | amylase=carbohydrase. it locks and keys with carbohydrates |
| How is food pushed along in the esophagus? | With smooth muscles. it is pushed from the pharynx to the anus. it does not depend on gravity |
| What is a lubricant for the food going down? | mucus |
| What is a smooth muscle? | It is automatic, happens without your control. |
| What are the three different types of muscle? | 1. smooth (not under your control) 2. skeleton (under your control) 3. cardiac (heart) |
| what is the stomach for? | A temporary storage place |
| What is peristalsis? | where food is pushed down the digestive track |
| what enzyme doing work is found in the stomach? | Proteinase |
| Where do proteins start digestion? | In the stomach |
| What is pepsin? | another name for proteinase. it is the proteinase that is found in the stomach |
| what is hydrochloric acid? | It is secreted from the cells of the wall of the stomach. |
| Why is the wall of the stomach covered with mucus? | To protect itself from its own acid |
| What is the pH of the stomach? | 1 |
| What is a stomach ulcer? | When the mucus is not perfect in your stomach and acid touches your cells |
| What is acid reflex? | when acid goes into the esophagus and burns you |
| What does the liver do? | Makes and secretes bile into the gall bladder. filters harmful material. detoxifies. |
| What is the gall bladder for? | Bile is stored here |
| What does bile do? | Emulsifies lipids. it is not a chemical break up, but a physical one |
| What does the small intestine do? | It takes large food molecules and breaks them into monomers cells |
| Why is it called a small intestine? | The diameter of the tube is small. it is a very VERY long tube |
| What are villi? | The small folds on the inside of the small intestine. It makes for more surface area so that more absorption can happen |
| What is on the inside of the wall? | Blood vessels |
| Why does food need to be broken down in the small intestine? | So that they are small enough to be absorbed into your blood cells and carried to your body cells |
| Which organ is a dual organ? | The Pancreas |
| What are the functions of the pancreas? | 1.digestion 2. endocrine hormone |
| Which hormone is in the pancreas? | insulin |
| What does the pancreas do with enzymes? | Makes and delivers all enzymes through ducts to the small intestine |
| What does the pancreas do with the insulin? | all hormones are dumped in and travel in the blood for delivery to cells |
| What is a diabetic? | Someone with an insulin problem |
| What happens in the large intestine? | No digestion happens. Anything that cannot be digested ends up here. It regulates the amount of water in the feces. |
| What is commonly found in the large intestine? | Cellulose, good bacteria |
| What is symbiosis? | Live with you in a relationship |
| What is the colon? | Stores the undigestible material until it can be pooped out. |
| What are the 3 ways to transport materials? | 1. out of the body -> into the body 2. in the body -> out of the body 3. Within the body |
| What is homeostasis? | To maintain balance. |
| What problem does a multicellular being have with transport? | A unicellular being has no problems because all of the cells are in contact with the environment. A multicellular beings cells are not all in contact with the environment, so we must provide a pump and pipes |
| What is the cardio vascular system? | the pipes that transport blood through our system |
| What is the autonomic nerve system? | happens without telling your body to do it. There is a positive and negative nerve so that homeostasis can be maintained. |
| What is a pace maker? | Stimulates the heart muscle to beat. It keeps the beat and if yours has a problem, you can get an implant. |
| What makes the heart a nerve and muscle? | It contracts like a muscle, but stimulates itself like a nerve |
| What is a valve? | a place that only allows a one way flow |
| What is a heart murmur? | When blood leaks backwards through a valve |
| In a diagram of the heart, where is the left atrium? | top right |
| In a diagram of the heart, where is the right atrium? | top left |
| In a diagram of the heart, where is the left ventricle? | bottom right |
| In a diagram of the heart, where is the right ventricle? | bottom left |
| Where does blood go in the heart? | Blood enters both atriums at the same time, then contract and push the blood through to the ventricles, the ventricles contract and blood is pushed through |
| What transport system is in a unicellular creature, such as a protista? | None, active and passive transport is all you need. |
| What is an open pipe system? | for creatures who do not need something to get somewhere fast to survive. The fluids are disorganized in the body. |
| What is a closed pipe system? | Works best for transporting something that needs to get to a specific location. |
| What is it called when pipes leak? | Bleeding |
| How many chambers does the heart have? | four |
| Which ventricle is the most muscular? | The left |
| What is systemic circulation? | left ventricle -> right atrium. delivers blood to every cell in the body via capillaries |
| What is pulmonary circulation? | right ventricle -> left atrium. Goes to the lungs only. for gas exchange. |
| Which ventricle has more oxygen? | The right because in the left is where all of the co2 gets dropped off from the body cells |
| Where does exchange happen in the systemic circulation system? | Only in the capillaries, which are split from the arteries and join back together as the vein |
| What is an artery? | Carries blood away from the heart. |
| What is a vein? | Carries the blood back to the heart. |
| What is the biggest artery called? | The aorta |
| Where is the aorta? | next to the heart |
| Why is there a bump in the aorta? | It is the pulse because of the amount of pressure used to pump the blood out of the heart |
| How do you calculate blood pressure? | pressure from ventricle pump/ pressure from relaxing artery |
| What is dilating? | To get bigger. blood flows slower |
| What is contracting? | getting smaller. blood flows faster |
| What surrounds veins | Skeleton muscle. It helps to push the blood along |
| What is an antibody? | a protein defense system against an outsider. It has two hands to grab the foreigner |
| Who are the antibodies against in type O blood? | doesnt have A or B proteins on membrane. This means the antibodies are Against A and B. |
| Who are the antibodies against in type A blood? | Has A proteins on membrane, so antibodies are against B. |
| Who are the antibodies against in type B blood? | Has B proteins on membrane so antibodies are against A |
| Who are the antibodies against in type AB blood? | Has A and B proteins on membrane, so there are no antibodies |
| What is in blood? | blood is 90% water, but also has: glucose, amino acids, glycerol, fatty acids, nucleotides, hormones, red blood cells, white blood cells, urea, platelets, bicarbonate ions, antibodies |
| Where does the red blood cell come from? | Bone marrow cells |
| How long do red blood cells live? | 120 days |
| Where are dead red blood cells removed? | In the liver |
| What is the function of red blood cells? | Carries oxygen to the cells. |
| How is the oxygen carried on a red blood cell? | On a protein called hemoglobin. |
| What is hemoglobin made of? | irons carrying oxygen |
| Why must you eat iron? | So that your body can make hemoglobin. |
| How many oxygens can one hemoglobin carry? | 4 |
| How do you get more iron? | Eat spinach or liver |
| What is the outsider called? | Antigen |
| What are white blood cells for? | The destruction of antigens |
| What is special about the white blood cell? | It can go where no other cell can go |
| What do the antibodies do? | Bring the antigens to the white blood cells to be destroyed |
| How do you get rid of the urea in the blood? | You pee it out, if you don't, you will die. |
| What is bicarbonate ion? | It is carbon dioxide. When carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood, it turns into an ion |
| Where does diffusion between the blood and body cells happen? | In the capillaries of systemic circulation |
| What are arteries and veins made of? | Smooth muscles and flexible cells. |
| How many cells can fit through a capillary at one time? | 1 because capillaries are so small. |
| What is a platelet? | It seals wounds. |
| What are capillaries made out of? | One layer of cells. |
| If you are blood A, who can you donate to? | A and AB |
| If you are blood O, who can you donate to? | everybody. |
| If you are blood O, who can you receive blood from? | Blood type O only. |
| What does it mean if the blood aggulates? | That is what blood type it is |
| What helps increase amount of white blood cells? | A vaccination or getting an actual attack |
| What is lymph? | Blood that leaked through the holes in between the cells of the capillary walls |
| What is edema? | To be swollen |
| What are lymph nodes? | They contain white blood cells waiting for an outsider to come by, they will get swollen. famous place for cancer. |
| What is intercellular space? | Space between the cells |
| What is intercellular fluid? | Lymph |
| What is plasma? | The liquid part of the blood, no cells are in it |
| How do platelets work? | They rub against cut and initiate healing process |
| What is a cascade? | Spontaneous series of sequences |
| What is the end result of platelets working? | Fibrin protein fibers cover the wound like a net so that blood cannot fall out. |
| What is a hemophiliac? | A person who keeps bleeding due to lack of platelets |
| How does blood help to regulate our body temperature? | If we are too hot, our blood disperses out to the surface of our skin to release the heat. Another way to make us cooler, is to sweat. If we are too cold, blood distributes heat to try to keep the vital organs warm |
| What is frostbite? | When the skin dies because the blood is sent to our vital organs, which are not next to the skin |
| Do all cells have mitochondria? | Yes, needed for respiration |
| Which cells have chloroplasts? | Plant cells, which have mitochondria too |
| What is glycolysis? | The first process of respiration in which one glucose molecule is broken into pyruvic acid. other energy is lost as heat |
| What is anaerobic respiration? | Respiration with no oxygen. yeast does this. |
| What are the 3 products of anaerobic respiration? | 1. CO2 2. alcohol 3. lactic acid |
| Where does glycolysis happen? | Outside of the mitochondria, only aerobic respiration happens in the inner membrane of the mitochondria |
| What happens in aerobic respiration? | After pyruvic acid, acetyl is made and powers the kreb cycle, where bonds are broken and energy is released and NADH is charged, which then goes to power the electron transport chain, where NADH turns to NAD and ADP turns into 36ATP. |
| What are the products of aerobic respiration? | Oxygen and water is created and 38 ATP are created. |
| What is the gas exchange surface of humans? | Lungs |
| What is the gas exchange surface of fish? | Gills |
| What is a gas exchange surface? | The location where gasses diffuse between the animal and the environment. |
| What is invagination? | Folds are on the inside. (Lungs) |
| What is evagination? | Folds are on the outside. (Gills) |
| What are the four necessities of a gas exchange surface? | 1. must be moist to allow diffusion 2. must be protected from drying out and physical damage 3. must have a cardio vascular and transport system if 3D 4. surface must be thin, diffusion only works over short distances |
| What is in the nasal cavity? | Mucus. it adds moisture to dry air and traps dust and bacteria that you inhale. |
| Why are there so many capillaries in the nose? | To warm the air that you breathe in. |
| What is surrounding the esophagus and why? | Cartilage to keep the pipe open |
| What is inside of the trachea? | The larynx, which is the voice box. |
| Why is there mucus and cilia inside of the trachea? | The mucus is to keep it moist and so that dust and bacterias are trapped. The cilia is helping to move the mucus up and out, if it does not get moved out, our lungs will get clogged and we cannot breath. |
| Why is it really important to not smoke? | The cilia in our trachea will get paralyzed and will not be able to move the gross old mucus out and it will get clogged and we wont be able to breathe. |
| What are bronchioles? | Branches of the trachea, they are empty pipes for air flow |
| What is the point of bronchioles? | To create more surface area so that more gasses can diffuse |
| What is the bronchiole tree? | The trachea is the tree. The bronchioles are the branches and he alveoli are the leaves |
| What are alveoli? | The actual gas exchange surface. It is an air sac. |
| What is breathing? | The oxygen is transported to our cells via the pulmonary blood system and the carbon dioxide is picked up from our cells and released through the exchange surface. |
| What happens in the pulmonary system? | bicarbonate ion combines with hydrogen ions in the blood to make H2O and CO2. The CO2 diffuses into the alveoli and is exhaled |
| What happens in the systemic system? | The H2O and CO2 combine to make hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions |
| What happens when the diaphragm relaxes? | we exhale |
| What happens when the diaphragm contracts? | we inhale |
| How do we breathe? | we breathe by creating a pressure gradient not a concentration hill |
| What is the equation for pressure? | pressure= force/area |
| What happens when the force stays the same and the area increases? | Pressure drops |
| What is Boyle's law? | Pressure is inversely proportional to area |
| What is the difference between egestion and excretion? | Anything that could not be digested is egested where as excretion deals with the products of chemical reactions. |
| Why do we excrete? | Something may be toxic, or in excess. We do it to maintain homeostasis. |
| What are the end products of respiration that we must get rid of? | water & carbon dioxide |
| What are the end products of dehydration synthesis that we must get rid of? | water |
| What are the end products of gasses that we must get rid of? | hydrogen |
| Why can't we keep hydrogen in us? | Too many hydrogen ions will kill you. blood will get acidic and your enzymes and active sights will be destroyed and reactions will stop. |
| What is deamination? | The removal of an amino group from an amino acid. it happens in the liver |
| What is the waste product of the amino acid after deamination? | A nitrogen excretory waste product |
| What are the three types of nitrogen excretory waste products? | 1. ammonia: must live in water, toxic 2. urea: mammals, in pee, moderately toxic 3. uric acid: dry land, things that are in shells, not soluble, not toxic |
| What are the three main excretory organs? | 1. kidneys: maintains homeostasis in blood 2. skin: water 3. lungs: carbon dioxide |
| What is Renal Anatomy? | The kidneys, ureter, bladder and urethra |
| What is the ureter? | Connects the kidneys to the bladder. |
| What is a nephron? | Each kidney has millions. They are the structure that produces urine. It balances contents of the blood |
| What are the parts of the nephron, in order? | Bowman's capsule with the glomerulus capillaries, loop of henle and collecting tubule |
| What happens first in the nephron? | filtration in the Bowman's capsule. It is based solely on size. this means that good and bad things can be pushed out. |
| What is a filtrate? | The material that goes through the filter. |
| What happens after filtration? | Reabsorption. Some good things were filtered out because the only thing that matters is size and now needs to be absorbed again. |
| How are the good things reabsorbed back into the nephron? | In the loop of Henle, they are reabsorbed via capillaries |
| What happens after reabsorption? | Tubular secretion. There are things that were too large to be filtered out so pumps remove them from the blood and are placed in the nephron |
| What happens after tubular secretion? | Materials are removed from the blood in the urine. |
| What is the threshold story? | Reabsorption of good things back into the blood out of the nephron |
| What ar the two regulation system in our bodies? | 1. endocrine system (slow) 2. nerves (fast) |
| What is a stimulus? | A change in the environment |
| What is a neuron? | A nerve cell. |
| What is the 1st end part of neuron called? | dendrites |
| What is the body of a nerve cell called? | Axon |
| What is the end of the neuron called? | Terminal branches |
| In a neuron where is the message sent? | Dendrites |
| In a neuron, where is the message received? | Terminal branches |
| What is the resting potential? | When there is no message |
| What are the positive ions on the membrane of the message? | sodium and potassium |
| What is the negative ion on the membrane of the message? | Chlorine |
| What does it take to start a message? | All or nothing, once it crosses the line, even a little bit, the message is sent |
| What is a message? | When the polarity is turned inside out |
| What is the refractory period? | Time taken for the neuron to go back to normal after the message is sent |
| How is a message sent from one neuron to the next? | molecules called neurotransmitters are diffused in between |
| What is a synapse? | A place of decision, yes a new message begins or no it does not. |
| What is the central nervous system? | The brain and spinal chord. |
| What is the Peripheral nervous system? | neurons that go out the side and are not part of the central nervous system |
| What are motor neurons? | Going away from the central nervous system |
| What are sensory neurons? | Going towards the central nervous system |
| What are the two motor neurons that go to the heart? | One is stimulatory and says speed up and the other is inhibiting and says slow down |
| What is the reflex arc? | stimulus -> sensory -> CNS -> motor-> effect |
| What does DNA stand for? | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| Where are the weak bonds of DNA? | The horizontal bonds |
| Where are the strong bonds of DNA? | The vertical bonds |
| Which nucleotides go together in DNA? | Adenine- Thymine Cytosine- Guanine |
| What is a chromosome? | a strand of DNA |
| How can you tell how many chromosomes there are? | There is ONE centromere on each chromosome. |
| What is a centromere? | A protein that is around a chromosome. |
| What are the legs of a chromosome called when it gets replicated? | It is still one chromosome, but there are two chromatids. |
| What happens after the two chromatids are created on the one chromosome? | They split to become to chromosomes, with their own centromeres. |
| What is a monoploid? | A complete plan to make one person. Only has one genetic code |
| What is a diploid? | Two complete genetic codes (one from mom and one from dad) |
| What is cytokinesis? | When cells divide cytoplasm |
| What is mitosis? | When body cells divide. |
| What happens in mitosis during interphase? | The chromosomes are replicated. |
| What happens in mitosis during prophase? | spindle fibers are created to help the chromosomes move around. The mom and dad chromosomes ignore each other. |
| What happens in mitosis during metaphase? | Chromosomes are brought to the middle to be separated, spindle fibers pull apart copies |
| What happens in mitosis during anaphase? | The cell pinches in half. One code from mom and one code from dad goes to each side |
| What happens in mitosis during telophase? | You have two cells, each with one code from mom and one code from dad |
| How do you make more body cells? | Mitosis |
| How does mom and dads codes go from 46 to 23 in order to give you one complete set? | Meiosis |
| What is a homologous pair? | A pair of chromosomes with similar genetic codes. one is from mom and one is from dad. |
| How is your first cell created? | When mom and dad have sex, the dad's monoploid sperm joins with mom's monoploid egg to make a diploid you. |
| What happens in meiosis during interphase? | The chromosomes are replicated |
| What happens in meiosis during prophase? | The pairs are put together, which is synapsis and then crossing over happens. The homologous pairs are together. |
| What happens in meiosis during metaphase? | Everything is pulled to the middle, homologous pairs next to each other |
| What happens in meiosis during anaphase? | Cell pinches in half, one chromosome from mom and dad on each side |
| What happens in meiosis during telophase? | You have two cells with one genetic code from mom and one from dad, but they still exist in their replicated form. |
| What do you do with the chromatids after telophase? | You repeat the process from prophase in order to get them out of the replicated form. in the end of meiosis, four new cells have been created. |
| Why cant a plant cell pinch in half during anaphase? | They have a hard cell wall, so instead, a cell wall is built to separate them |
| What is a diploid number and monoploid number of a human? | diploid: 26 monoploid: 23 |
| What is spermatogenesis? | the meiosis of sperm |
| What is oogenisis? | the meiosis of egg cells |
| How often does spermatogenesis happen? | millions of times a day |
| How often does oogenisis happen? | Once a month and only one egg survives, the other three die |
| What are sex organs called? | Gonads |
| What do gonads produce? | Gametes |
| What are gametes? | eggs and sperm |
| Where does meiosis happen? | In the gametes |
| What part of the flower has the sperm? | The anther |
| Where is the plant sperm trying to go? | The ovule |
| What are pollinators? | things that move pollen around. winds, birds, insects |
| what are the leaves covering the petals before blossoming? | Sepal |
| What are the components of a pistil? | The bottom part is the ovary and contains the ovule, the top part is the stigma |
| What is the male sex organ of the plant? | Stamen, has anther at the top |
| How does the pollen get to the ovule? | The pollen goes to the top of the stigma and builds a pollen tube to the ovule |
| What happens inside of the ovule? | Double fertilization. The first is where the egg and sperm meet to form a baby. the second is where the sperm meets with the polar eggs and is the endosperm, which is stored food for the baby. |
| What happens to the endosperm in dicot seeds and in monocot seeds? | It is already used in dicot but in monocot, it is attached to the seed |
| What part of the flower becomes the seed? | The ovule. |
| What are cotyledons? | The different 'bean' parts of the seeds and are stored food for the baby, but is also the baby |
| How do we breathe if we are surrounded by amniotic fluid in the uterus? | Oxygen diffuses through the placenta, through the umbilical cord to you. |
| What is the placenta? | When baby attaches to mothers uterus, they work together to create a new organ in which the baby gets all of the nutrients it needs. |
| Where is testosterone produced? | In the testes. |
| What is the prostate gland? | Makes seminal fluid. Cancer can happen here. |
| What is the vas defrens? | Leads the sperm out. |
| What is semen? | Sperm and seminal fluid together. |
| How does the birth control pill work? | The pill is made of estrogen and progesterone. You lie to your body and make it think that you already have a baby. It then turns off the hypothalamus. |
| What is special about mammals for their young? | They are the only species that have true internal care and development. They also create lactose milk for their young. |
| What is in control of the females monthly cycle? | The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. |
| How is DNA replicated? | It is unzipped down the middle and new codes attach to the old templates |
| What is a mutation? | When a wrong nucleotide is attached to the template |
| What happens during transcription of DNA? | In the nucleus, a DNA code unzips and an RNA code attaches to the old DNA template. This code then leaves the nucleus |
| What happens during translation of the DNA? | The mRNA goes to the ribosome and a tRNA picks up an amino acid with a code that matches the original codon and a polypeptide is created |
| What is mRNA? | messenger RNA |
| What is rRNA? | ribosome RNA |
| What is tRNA? | transfer RNA |
| What is a codon? | A code of three of DNA or RNA. |
| What is an anticodon? | the code that attaches to the RNA on the ribosome |
| What is transcription? | A copy |
| What is a phenotype? | What you look like. physical traits, inside and out |
| What is a genotype? | What type of alleles you get. |
| What is homozygous? | When the alleles are the same |
| What is heterozygous? | When the alleles are different |
| In which type of inheritance can you get a third phenotype? | Incomplete dominance |
| What was the idea that Charles Darwin had? | Life changes over time ->evolution |
| What is the idea of 'nature selects'? | The survivors will be the ones that blend in with the environment |
| In a white forrest, which insects will survive? | The white ones. |
| Why will the white bugs survive best in a white forrest? | They blend better, they will less likely get eaten by prey, they will have more reproductive success and more whites will be created |
| What is an atom? | It contains protons, neutrons and electrons |
| What is the charge of a proton, neutron and electron? | p= 1 n=0 e=-1 |
| What are radioactive isotopes? | Substance with an unstable nucleus |
| What is an ionic bond? | When particles stick together because opposites attract |
| What is the mass of a proton, neutron and electron? | p=1u n=1u e= 1/1800u |
| What is an ion? | An atom which has gained or lost electrons |
| What happens to the atomic number of an atom as the umber of neutrons in the nucleus increases? | It remains the same |
| What is the pH of water? | 7 |
| What do all atoms try to be? | Stable |
| What is the chemical symbol of copper? | Cu |
| Building blocks of protein | Peptides |
| What does the lock and key concept explain? | The specificity of enzyme action |
| What is a substrate? | Materiel acted upon by an enzyme |
| What are the two groups of an amino acid? | carboxyl group and amino group |
| What element is found only in protein? | iron |
| What are the two types of nucleic acids? | DNA and RNA |
| What are the components of a nucleotide? | 1. phosphate group 2. nitrogen base 3. monosaccharide group |
| What is the difference between DNA and RNA? | 1. one different monosaccharide group 2. DNA has one less oxygen 3. DNA is a double helix and RNA is a single |
| What chemical reaction bonds nucleotides together? | Dehydration synthesis |
| What chemical reaction breaks nucleotides apart? | hydrolysis |
| Where do we find wax in nature? | bee hives |
| How do we recognize a glycerol? | C-C-C |
| How do we recognize a fatty acid? | carboxyl + hydrocarbons |
| What do chloroplasts do? | Sight of photosynthesis. Takes sunlight, water and carbon dioxide and makes organic food molecules and oxygen |
| Which organelle contains enzymes for hydrolysis of food molecules? | Lysosome |
| Which organelle takes in food molecules and oxygen and can transfer the food energy to ATP batteries which will eventually run chemical reactions that end up with co2 and water? | Mitochondria |
| Which organelles are used for mobility? | Flagella and cilia |
| Which organelle carries genetic information and codes to design all cells proteins? | Nucleus |
| Which cells make their own food and eat it? | A plant cell. |
| Which cells must get food to eat? | Animal and fungus |
| what kind of cells have no internal membrane? | Monera |
| Which part of the microscope regulates the amount of light reaching the objective lens? | The diaphragm |
| What is the network of tubes in the cytoplasm? | Endoplasmic reticulum |
| Where does the synthesis of proteins in a cell occur? | Ribosome |
| Where does digestion in an amoeba take place? | Food vacuole |
| How many places do you move the decimal point to get from mm to microns? | 3 places to the right |
| Which cell has no cell wall? | Animal cell |
| Which cell has mitochondria? | plant, animal fungus |
| Which cells have ribosomes? | All but virus |
| Which cells have an endoplasmic reticulum? | animal and plant |
| Which cells have golgi bodies? | plant and animal |
| Which cell has weird shaped vacuoles? | Plant |
| How does water get to a leaf? | through the roots, through the xylem pipes |
| Where does the oxygen and carbon dioxide enter and leave the leaf? | Through the stoma. |
| Where is the coolest part of the leaf? | Bottom side, less light= more stoma |
| What is a heterotroph? | Needs to find food to eat |
| What is an autotroph? | Makes its own food |
| What is carbon14? | A radioactive isotope of carbon that has been used to trace the steps of carbon fixation. |
| What molecule supplies oxygen for photosynthesis? | Water |
| What battery carries hydrogen from the light to dark reactions of photosynthesis? | NADH |
| When is carbon used during photosynthesis? | During the dark reaction |
| When is oxygen released during photosynthesis? | During light reactions |
| What supplies energy for carbon fixation? | ATP and NADH |
| What raw materials are used for photosynthesis? | water and carbon dioxide |
| What occurs during light reactions of photosynthesis? | water molecules are split, releasing oxygen |
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