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Comprehensive/Exam 3
Geology 10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Approximately how much more engery is released in a magnitude 7 earthquake than in a 6 | 30X |
| How Did Earth form? | Accretion |
| How old is Earth | 4.6 Ga |
| From what main source did the oxygen in today's atmosphere originally come from? | Photosynthesis |
| When did life first evolve? | 3.8 Ga |
| When did life first move from the oceans onto land? | 438 Ma |
| Volcanic activity can be found in 3 different geologic settings. What are these? | Hot spots, Subduction Zones, Rift Valleys |
| What kind of plate boundary do we live on here in San Francisco? | Transform Plate Boundary |
| In Which layer does Earth's magnetic field originate? | Outer Core |
| What types of seismic wave can travel through both solid and liquids? | P-waves |
| Based on the principles of isotatic equilibrium or adjustment, what happens to mountains when the top is eroded away | They rise |
| What tectonic process produces a rift valley? | Plate diverge slowly, creating tensional stress |
| 2 ways the continental crust differs from oceanic crust | Continental: granite oceanic crust is more dense |
| What heat transfer process drives plate tectonic? | Magma |
| The 4 layers of ocean crust known as the ophiolite sequence | Top Layer: Oceanic Sediment, Layer 2: Pillow Basalts, Layer 3: Sheeted baslatic dike, Bottom: Layer: Massive Gabbro |
| What is the most abundant class of minerals is Earth's crust? | Silicate |
| What is the best test for distinguishing Calcite from anything else? | H1, it fizzles |
| What's the textural name for igneous rocks that contain uniform crystals visible without magnification? | Phaneractic |
| What 2 MAJOR factors lead to increased explosivity (hazards) of a volcano? | Gas Content, Viscosity |
| List 2 factors that lead to INCREASED crystal size in igneous rocks? | dissolved gasses/water, slow rate |
| Which volcanic hazard travels the fastest and the least possible to avoid if you happen to be in its path? | Pyroclastic |
| What is the chemical formula for Quartz? | Si02 |
| List 3 textural changes that occur to metamorphic rocks as grade INCREASES. | Foliation increase, Density increase, Crystal size |
| Igneous compositions(Least-Most): <45% Si, 45-55% Si, 55-65%, Most Silica >65%, | Main mineral components: <45%: Olivine, 45-55%: Pyroxene, Ca-rich plagioclase, 55-56%Hornblede, Biotite, Na-rich plagioclase, >65%: Quartz, K-feldspar, Muscovite |
| What is the difference between weathering and erosin? | Weathering: Physical Breakdown, Erosion: transport of this material by wind,water & ice |
| Chemical Weathering Processes (End Product): Dissolution, Oxidation, Hydrolysis | End Products: Dissolution: turns to cave/ions in solution, Oxidation: turns to rust, Hydrolsis: clay |
| Metamorphic environments(Temperature, Pressure, Chemically active fluids): Burial Metamorphism, Contact Metamorphism, Subduction Metamorphism, | T:High/P:High/F:Low, T:High/P:Low/F:High, T:Low/P:High/F:High |
| Describe how turbidites form & give least 1 characteristic of the rock type | A dense mixture of sediment & seawater called a turbidity current flows rapidly downslope toward the deep sea floor. It slows to a virtual standstill, loosing its transport energy & dropping its sediment load settling out to form a graded bed |
| Built Mostly from mafic tephra | Cinder Cone |
| Built of only felsic magma | Volcanic Dome |
| Built of pyroclastic flows & lava layers | Stratovolcano |
| Built of mostly mafic lava flows | Shield Volcano |
| Describe the grain size,shape, sorting & composition of sediment that has traveled, far from its source AND not at all. | Far/ Near Size: Only fine sand & mud/ All possible(gravel,sand, mud), shape: Rounded/ Angular, sorting: Very good/ Very poor, composition: Only most resistant/ All possible |
| Where does all beach sand ultimately go? (2 primary sinks) | Submarine Canyons, Subduction Zones |
| From where does all beach sand orginally come (2 primary sources) | Local beach erosion, rocks eroded from shore line; Crushed shells by waves |
| List 3 depostional features of a shoreline | Beaches, Baymouth Bars, Berms |
| List 3 erosional features of a shoreline | Sea arches, Sea caves, Wave-Cut Benches |
| Which Coast of North America subjects to the greatest amount of erosion? Why? | SE-Gulf, hurricanes & storms |
| What kind of current occurs on coast when water piles up on the beach and tries to move offshore? | Rip current |
| What kind of currents occurs as wave approach the shore at an angle? | Longshore current |
| What is the general direction of longshore transport on North American beaches? | SE-NW |
| Why is the tidal range greatest when the moon is new | The gravitational force of the moon & sun in phase reinforcing each other |
| What percentage of the Earth is covered now by ice? | 10% |
| What maximum percentage of the Earth was covered at some time by ice during the Pleistocene? | 30% |
| By what 2 processes does the ice in a glacier move downslope? | Internal deformation & Basal sliding |
| Under what condition does a glacier advance? | Rate of accumulation is greater than ablation |
| Under what condition does a glacier retreat? | Rate of ablation is greater than accumulation |
| list 3 depostional features associated with glaciation | Glacial erractic, Esker, Till |
| List 3 erosional features of a glaciated valley | tarn, crique, fjord |
| what is till & why is it so unique? | Glacial drift deposited directly from glacial ice forms a distinctive sediment. Unstratified, large fragment surrounded by finer grains, sand, silt, clay Poorly sorted |
| Will sea water during exceptionally cold periods (glacial events) be enriched or depleted in O18? | O18 is heavier so it stays the same, being enriched while 016 evaporates. |
| The Pleistocene epoch of ice ages (alternating glacial & interglacial events), started how long? | 2.6Ma-11.7Ka |
| List 3 different ways for sea level to rise globally | Warm ocean, Decrease ocean basins, Plate Tectonic, ice sheets/glaciers, temperature |
| Describe at least 3 different characteristic of a hillside that would make it more prone to downslope movement | Steep slope, Undercut, Removal of vegetation |
| List 3 triggers that could make the above-described hillside finally fail | Earthquakes, Explosion, Saturated-Heavy rain |
| What is the principal force that makes things stay on a hillside and NOT move downhill? | Friction |
| What type of downslope movement is the slowest? | Creep |
| What is the principal force that makes things move downhill? | Gravity |
| What type of downslope movement is the fastest? | Fall |
| What/where is the ultimate base level for most streams? | Sea level |
| When rivers flood, where do the largest grain size up? | Levee |
| Under what 3 conditions will a stream erode(rather than deposit) sediments? | Underload w/ sediment, Velocity of river increases, Discharge of river increase |
| List and describe the 3 kinds of load that a river transports | Dissolved load, Suspended load, Bed load |
| What is an alluvial fan | A triangular deposit of sediment left by a stream that has lost velocity upon entering a broad, relatively flat valley |
| Describe how the shapes of river-eroded and glacially eroded mountain valleys differ? | Rivers are a V shape as Glaciers are a U shape. |
| What main characteristic of a region makes a stream running through its braided? | Excessive sediment |
| What main characteristic of a reigon makes a stream running through its meander? | Low relief, low/flat area |
| Where in stream is each of these chracteristic at its greatest value? Erosion Rate, Drag/Friction, Gradient, Discharge | Erosion Rate: Headwaters, Drag/Friction: Headwaters, Gradient: Headwaters, Discharge: Mouth |
| What defines a closed system(necessary for radiometric dating)? | A mineral that lets no parents or daughter atom in or out |
| What 2 main geologic processes would open a closed system? | Metamorphism, Weathering |
| What is an unconformity (general sense) & what does it indicate about the geologic history in an area? | Boundaries separating rocks of diff. ages it occurs when erosion has removed rock layers or where no rocks were produced during a specific period of time |
| Which organisms have the best chance of being preserved as fossils? | Organism w/hard parts: shells, bony skeleton |
| List 2 types of indirect fossils | Molds, Cast |
| List 2 types of direct fossils | Shells, Teeth |
| What 2 charcteristic makes an organism likely to be a good index fossil? | Short lived and wide spread during their short time on earth |
| Time Scale: Youngest | Cenozoic 65 Ma, Today |
| Time Scale: 2nd Youngest | Mezoic 245 Ma, Mass extinction (including dinosaurs) |
| Time Scale: 2nd Oldest | Palezoic 570 Ma, Mass extinction |
| Time Scale: Oldest | Precambrian 4.6 Ga, hard parts |
| Where in the oceans is the newest ocean crust found? | Continental Crust |
| When waves approach the coast, what happens to these traits? | Period: no change Speed: decrease Height: Increases Wavelength: Decreases |
Created by:
MissJx3
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