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JK-USMLE Stk-2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Potter syndrome | Persistent oligohydramnios. Clubfeet, clasic faces, nasal, ocular ear, and jaw deformities, and pulmonary hypoplasia. Bilateral renal aplasa |
| Homophilia A,B,C are deficiency of | Factor 8,9,11 deficiency, respectively |
| Immunoglobulin gene switching order | IgM, D, G,E, A. hyper-IgM syndrome most commonly results in lymphoid hyperplasia. Most commolny from absence of CD-40 ligands on T-lymphocyte. |
| Characteristics of IgA | Secretory immunoglobulin, monomer or dimerof two IgAs, joine by J chain. Present in colostrum,. IgA class switch by stimulation of TGF-beta. Selective IgA deficiency, most common B-cell related immunodeficiency |
| Characteristics of IgE | Responsible for asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis defense against helminth parasites. Isotype switch by IL-4. Binds on to Fc receptors of mast cells and basophils at Fc regions. Two IgE signals granular content release --> Allergic rxn. |
| Characteristics of IgG | Cross placenta, Most effective immunoglobulin opsonic, immunity against bacterial toxins. |
| Hyperacute | Occurs immediately, resultant is ischemia. AKA white graft |
| Acute rejection occurs | 1-2 weeks after receiving a transplant CD8 T cells plays a central role. Acute rejection causes vascular damage. Manifests with dyspnea, dry cough, low grade fever. Shows lowe robe opacities. |
| Chronic rejection | Months to years. Major cause of mortality in lung transplantation. Causes inflammation of sm. Bronchioles. Ie. Bronchiolitis obliterans. Symptoms include dyspnea and wheezing. |
| Pancreatic insufficiency associated with | cystic fibrosis |
| Negative selection of T cells occur at where and what does | Thymic medullary and epithelial and dendritic cells |
| Postive selection of T cells occur at where and what does | Thymic cortical epithelial cells expresing MHC |
| Heteroplasmy of mitochondrial disease | Variability in severity of the disease. Mitochondrial syndromes 1) Leber hereditary optic neuropathy--> Bilateral vison loss. 2)Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fibers: 3) Mitochondrial encephalomyopathywith lactic acidosis and stroke like episodes (MEL |
| Low to Moderate dose of Methylxanthine | Mild cortical and arousal and insomnia, like caffeine |
| Acute theophylline intoxication and Tx | Abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, cardiac arrhythmia, and seizure. Tx. Gastric lavage, activated charchol, cathartics, beta-blocker for tachyarrhythmia |
| Superior venacava Syndrome | Compression of SVP, easily compressed by mediastinal mass. Bronchogenic cacinoma most common cause of SVP syndrome. Non-Hodgekin lymphoma second most common. Presents with dyspnea, cough, swelling of the face neck and upper extremities. |
| Pericardial effusion presentaiokn | Dyspnea, distended neck veins, heart soundsm pulsus paradox (decrease in >10mm during inspiratiokn |
| Pleural effusion diagnosis | Dullness to percussion and diminished breathsound on PE |
| Small cel carcinoma of lung | Associated with Cusing due to ACTH secretion and SIADH |
| Squamous cell carcinoma secrete | secrete PTH-related peptide, causeing hypercalcimia |
| Ocular nerve originates and goes through | Oculomotor nucleus of the id brain, through Superior orbital fissue. |
| Sensory limb of corneal reflex mediated by | Nsociliary branch of first banch of CNV1 |
| Trochlear trochlear nerve and abducen nerve goes through | Superior orbital fissue |
| Inferior orbital fissue | Maxillary divison of the trigeminal nerve, |
| Optic canal, | Transmt Optic nerve CNII |
| Foramen rotundum trasmits | Maxillary division of trigenmnal nerver |
| Mandibular branch of CNV3 pass through | Foramen Ovale |
| Superior orbital fissue contains | CNIII Oculomotor, Optahlmic nerve CNV1, Trochlear nerve CNIV, Abducens nerve CN VI, and superior opthalmic vein enter orbit via superior orbital fissue. |
| Noremal Pressure of Rt atrium | 0,8 |
| Noremal Pressure of Rt ventricle | 4, 25 |
| Noremal Pressure of Pulmonary artery | 9,25 |
| Noremal Pressure of left atrium | 2, 12 |
| Noremal Pressure of left ventricle | 9,130 |
| Noremal Pressure of Aorta | 70,130 |
| Unilaterla vesicular rash localized on a single dermatomes persis more than a month | Post-herpetic neuralgia, stabbing pain, most common neurological complication of varicella zoster virus |
| Sertoli cells does what and respose to what? Analogous to the female's what cell? | Maintain spermatogenesis, release inhibin and Secrete mullerian Inhibiting factor (MIF). Inhibin negatively feedback on FSH secretion by the ant. Pituitary. Analogous to Granulosa Cells |
| Theca cells produce what and response to what? | Produce testosterone and response to LH. |
| In general, Inhaled particles are cleared by what cels? | Epithelial cilia (Present to the level of the termianl bronchioles) vai mucociliary clearance. |
| What's the function of Goblet cells | Secretionof mucous onto mucosal epithelium. |
| What are clara cells | non-ciliated secretory constituents of termianl resp. epithelium. Secrete clara cell secretory protein, component of surfactants. Involved in detoxification of inhaled toxins by cyt P450 mechanism. |
| Type 1 pneumocytes | Mediates alveolar gas exchange |
| Type 2 pneumocytes | Produce surfactants and divide and differentiate into type 1 peumocytes |
| Signs of Pneumonia | Fever, leukocytosis, radiographic lung opacities |
| Elderly, Dementia, Hemiparesis, lung consolidation | pneumonia |
| Extended immobility in supine position | Atelectasis in the posterior lung |
| Afrian American, Female, X-ray, Hilar lymph node, elevated ACE | Sarcoidosis. Causes arthralgia, skin lesion(erythema nodosum), plaques. Scattered granulomas affects the portal triads, Non-caseating granulomas |
| Hepatic centrilobar necrosis | Deaht of hepatocytes surrounding termianl hepatic vein. |
| What's sucrose | Fructose Glucose |
| What's lactose | Galactose + Glucose |
| What's sucrose | Glucose + Glucose |
| What's Aldolase B? | Involve din metabolizing fructose 1 phosphate. Those that are deficiency of this enzyme should avoid fructose |
| Amylose vs amylospectin | amylose: unbranched, Amylopectin: Branched |
| Bacterias that can survive past boiling pt of water | Bacillus and Clostridum. |
| Cell typs of paranaal sinus | Cilliated, Pseudostratified, colunar, mucus secreting epithelium |
| Cell typs of Laryngeal vestibule | space at the top of the larynx bordered by lower half of the posterior epiglottis |
| Cell types of trachea | Entirely lined by pseudostratified, columnar, mucus-secreting epithelium. |
| SE of ACE inhibitors | Angioedema, of lips, larynx, |
| Class 1 arrythmic modulates? | Sodium Channel |
| Class 2 arrythmic modulates? | Sympathetic nervous system |
| Class 3 arrythmic modulates? | Potassium channels |
| Class 4 arrythmic modulates? | Calcium channel blockers |
| Digitalis toxicity? | Conduction block |
| SE of Thioridazine | Retinal deposit that resemble retinitits pigmentosa |
| SE of Chlorpromazine | corneal deposits |
| SE of Haloperidol | Extrapyramidal symptoms |
| SE of Ziprasidone | Prolonged QT |
| SE of Olanzapine | Weight Gain |
| SE of Clozapine | Agranulocytosis and seizures |
| Warfarin | Oral anticoagulant drug that is tightly bound to plasma protein after absorption by the gut. Metabolized in the liver via P450system, BP is ripping Carbama. |
| Nifedipine | Dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker with min. effects on SA and Cardiac conduction. Acts as a vasodilator and can cause reflx increase HR. |
| Verapamil and Diltiazem | Non-dihydropyridine-type calcium hannel blocker |
| In what pathway does antipsycotic drugs block dopamine | Tuberoinfundibular Pathway. Associated with Hyperprolactinemia |
| Mesolimbic-mesocortical pathway is primary involved in | Regulating Behavior. Hyperactive in schizophrenia |
| Nigrostrial system | Subsancia nigra to the caudate nucleus and putamen. Coordinate voluntary movements. In this pathway, dopain inhibits acetylcholine. Degeneration of substantia nigra causes deceased dopamine and subsequent incease in acetylcholine---> Parkinsonism. |
| Neostigmine | Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor |
| Succinylcholine | Depolarizing NMJ bloker |
| Dantrolene relaxes skeletal msucle by reducing release of Ca++ from sarcoplasmic reticulum. | |
| What are three drugs that prevents reduction of folic acid to tetrahydrofolate? | Trimethoprim(With microbecide), methotrexate(rapidly dividing cells), pyrimethamine(inhibits paraitic DHF reductase) |
| Diphenoxylate | Anti-Diarrheal, structurally similar to meperidine. Binds to mu receptors in the gastrointestinal tract and slows motility. |
| What helps in secretory diarrhea? | Octreotide |
| Shigellosis is | S. Sonnei, most common in the US. Shigella invades gastrointestinal mucosa via 1) gaining access to M cells in Peyer's patches in the ileum through endocytosos. 2)Then lyses th endosomes, spreads laterally into other epithelial cells, causes ell eath and |
| Goblet cells do what? | Secretion into the gut lumen. Mucus release is increased in inflammatory state. |
| Paneth cells | First line of defesne against intestinal microbes. Secrete lysozyme, enzyme capable of dissovling the cell wall of bacteria, defensins, polypeptides that have antimicrobial and antiparasitic properties. |
| Shiga-like toxin of E. Coli | Toxicity of renal endothelialcells, leding renal insufficiency and uremia |
| Patient with CF produce sweat high in | Sodium and chloride |
| Astrocytomas and medullomastomas arise in the | Cerebelum. Medulloblastomas ar alled PNET primitive neuroectodermal tumors. Abundant mitosis. Cerebellar vermis most commons location of medulloblastoma. Signs: Increased intracranial pressure. |
| Pilocytic astrocytoma | Most common brain neoplasm of childhood. Pilocytic astrocytes and Rosenthal fibers seen. |
| Ependymoma. | 3rd most common brain neoplasm found in children. |
| Region most succeptable to ischemic injury in Kidney | Very outter part of medulla. Part of proxmal tubule and ascendin loop of henle has very low blood supply and uses ATP. ATN produces flattening of epithelial cells. |
| Papillary necrosis is associated with | Diabetes mellitus analgeisc, nephropathy, and scikle cell disease |
| SS+ RNA virus | Rhino virus, pinornavirus. Where as SS- RNA virus are not |
| Influenza A, how does it replicate? | Orthomyxovirus, replicate in host cell, an RNA dependent RNA polymerase within the intat viron must enter |
Created by:
jskim
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