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Biology and Disease
AS Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Actin | Fibrous protein found in muscles. Combines with myosin to bring about muscle contraction. |
| Activation energy | Energy required to start a reaction: the energy needed to break bonds in the reactants before new ones can form to make the products. |
| Active immunity | Immune response in which an individual makes their own antibodies to combat a particular infection. Compare with passive immunity. |
| Active site | Catalytic centre of an enzyme: pocket/groove on the surface of an enzyme into which a substrate fits. The active site and substrate have complementary shapes. |
| Active transport | Movement of particles across a membrane against a diffusion gradient. requires specific membrane proteins and energy (from ATP). |
| Amino acid | Building block of a protein. There are 20 different amino acids in living things. All have three-letter abbreviations, for example, valine, proline, serine (Val, Pro, Ser). |
| Amylase | Enzyme that breaks down (hydrolyses) starch to maltose. |
| Amylopectin | Branched polymer of glucose: one of the two types of polysaccharide that make up starch. See also amylose. |
| Amylose | Unbranched polymer of glucose: one of the two types of polysaccharide that make up starch. See also amylopectin. |
| Aneurysm | Ballooning of an artery due to a weakness in the vessel wall. This requires urgent surgery because a ruptured (burst) aneurysm is usually fatal. |
| Angina | Chest pain caused by an inadequate supply of blood (and therefore oxygen) to the heart muscle. |
| Antagonistic | Having an opposite effect. Can apply to muscles, nerves or hormones. |
| Antibody | In immunity, a specific proteins made by a B lymphocyte in response to a particular antigen. |
| Antibody-mediated immunity | Immunity 'done by antibodies' - antibodies released by B cells punch holes in target cells and pathogens, killing them. Compare with cell-mediated immunity. |
| Antigen | In immunity, a substance (usually protein) not usually found in a host's body, that stimulates the production of a specific antibody. Antigens label pathogens, or transplanted tissue, as foreign, allowing the body to tell self from non-self. |
| Antiserum | Preparation containing antibodies that gives an individual instant passive immunity. Useful when there is no time to develop active immunity, for example, after a snake bite. |
| Arteriosclerosis | Hardening of the arteries: the blood vessel walls, particularly of the arteries, becoming less elastic and more liable to rupture. Associated with old age. |
| Assimilation | Process in which an organism uses the molecules it has obtained by feeding or photosynthesis to make new body tissue. |
| Asthma | Lung disease in which terminal bronchioles constrict, narrowing the airways. |
| Atheroma | Fatty deposit that builds up under the endothelium (lining) of blood vessels. As the atheroma gets thicker, the lumen of the artery gets smaller, and the walls roughen. |
| Atherosclerosis | Build-up of atheroma in the blood vessels. |
| Atrioventricular node (AVN) | Part of the conducting pathway of the heart. The AVN picks up the signal from the sino-atrial node SAN, and delays it (allowing ventricles to fill) before passing it down into the bundle of His. |
Created by:
maani1995
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