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patho terms quiz 2
Pathophysiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| DNA | the nucleic acid that contains all of an individuals genes |
| Genes | a region on DNA that contains the "code" for making one protein |
| Alleles | Different forms of a gene |
| Dominant | an allele that is always expressed |
| recessive | an allele that will be expressed only when a person is homozygous. it an be "hidden" |
| Genotype | a two letter code that describes which alleles a person has |
| Homozygous | Having the same 2 alleles |
| Heterozygous | having different alleles for a gene |
| Expressed | the allele that we can see evidence of |
| phenotype | describes what characteristics are produced as a result of having a certain genotype |
| chromosomes | the combination of DNA and proteins found in a cell that is going through mitosis (humans have 23 pair) |
| autosomes | chromosome pairs 1-22 |
| sex chromosomes | the 23rd pair of chromosomes in humans |
| karyotype | describes the microscopic appearance of the chromosomes |
| diploid | having the normal 23 pairs of chromosomes |
| aneuploid | having an abnormal number of chromosomes |
| monosomy | missing one chromosome |
| trisomy | having an extra copy of a chromosome |
| hematocrit | the percentage of blood volume occupied by RBC |
| mean corpuscular volume MVC | the average size of a RBC |
| anemias | s group of diseases that decreases the ability of blood to carry oxygen |
| luekemias | a group of diseases that results in a dramatic increase in the number of leukoblasts |
| polycythemia | having abnormally high number of RBC |
| pancytopenia | a decrease in the number of all normal blood cells |
| erythrocytopenia | a decrease in the number of RBC |
| leukopenia | a decrease in the number of white blood cells |
| thrombocytopenia | having a low number of platelets |
| hemophilia | a genetic decrease in the activity of one of the clotting factors |
| thallasemias | a group of genetic anemias resulting in a decrease in the synthesis of globin chains |
| intrinsic factor | any factor from within the body |
| extrinsic factor | any factor coming from outside the body |
| intrinsic factor for pernicious anemia | a protein secreted by gastric glands that is needed for b12 absorption |
| extrinsic factor for pernicious anemia | vitamin b12 |
| auscultation | any diagnostic procedure that listens to body sounds |
| echocardiography | an ultra sound of the heart |
| stress test | an electrocardiogram performed while the heart rate is elevated |
| angiography | a contrast x-ray showing circulation |
| cardiac markers | proteins released from damaged cardiac tissue into the blood; used as diagnostic indicator of myocardial infarction |
| normal sinus rhythm | having a normal heart rhythm established by the sinoatrial node |
| bradycardia | resting heart rate of <60 beats per minute |
| tachycardia | resting heart rate of >100 beats per minute |
| valvular incompetence | the inability of valve to either open or close properly |
| valvular stenosis | the inability of a valve to open completely |
| valvular prolapse | when one of the AV valves swings up into the atrium when it should be closed |
| atheroscelerosis | hardening of the arteries |
| arteriostenosis | narrowing of the arteries |
| ischemia | a local decrease in blood flow due to obstruction |
| angina pectoris | chest pains as a result of myocardial ischemia |
| myocardial infarctions | ischemic necrosis of heart muscle. heart attack |
| TIA | a temporary decrease in cerebral function as a result of ischemia |
| cerebral infarction | ischemic necrosis of the cerebrum. stroke |
| secondary hypertension | chronic high BP that is a complication of another condition |
| primary hypertension | chronic high BP of unknown origin |
| aneurysm | localized dilation of an artery or chamber of the heart as a result of a weakness in the wall |
| hemoptysis | coughing up blood fro the lungs |
| hypoxia | a lack of oxygen |
| hypercapnea | an excess of carbon dioxide |
| respiratory acidosis | a decrease in the PH of body fluids as a result of the build up of carbon dioxide |
| atelectasis | a partial or complete collapse of lung tissue |
| pneumothorax | the presence of air between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura |
| bullae | a group of over inflated alveoli |
| ulcer | a lesion through the skin or mucous membrane |
| peptic ulcer | a lesion caused by pepsin |
| duodenal ulcer | a lesion in the mucosal lining of the duodenum |
| gastric ulcer | a lesion in the mucosal lining of the stomach |
| esophageal ulcer | a lesion in the mucosal lining of the esophagus |
| diverticulum | a pouch or sac that develops off of a tubular structure such as the intestine |
| diverticulitis | inflammation of a pouch or sac opening off of a tubular structure |
| diverticulosis | the presence of diverticulum in the intestines |
| cholelithiasis | the presence of stones within the gall bladder or biliary ducts |
| neuropathy | a disease of nervous tissue |
| myopathy | a disease of muscle tissue |
| intravenous pyelogram | a contrast x-ray showing the structures that carry urine |
| bun | a blood test used as an indicator of kidney function. measures the quantity or urea which is a waste product of protein metabolism |
| creatinine clearance | a measure of kidney function that compares the quantity of creatinine excreted in the urine over a 24 hour period to the concentration of creatinine in the blood |
| cystoscopy | using an endoscope to examine the urinary bladder |
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