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Stack #93842
BIO 275 2nd Test Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is epidemiology? | The study of the science that evaluates the occurrence, determinates, distribution, and control of health and disease in a defined human population. |
| Definition of Health? | the condition in which an organism and all of its parts performs its vital functions normally and properly. It is the state of pysical and mental well-being and not merely the absence of disease. |
| Definition of Disease? | the impairment of the normal state of an organism or any of its components that hinders the performance of vital functions. It is a response to the environmental factors, specific infective agents, inhernet defects of the body or combinations of these. |
| What is sporadic disease? | When a disease occurs occasionally and at irregular intervals in a human population. |
| What is a communicable disease? | An infectious disease that can be transmitted from person to person. The manifestations of an infetious or communicable disease can range from mild to severe to deadly on the agent and host. |
| What is an incubation period? | The period between pathogen entry and the expression of signs and symptoms. The pathogen is spreading but has not reached a sufficient level to cause clinical manifestations. This period's length varies with disease. |
| What is the prodromal stage? | The period in which there is an onset of signs and symptoms, but they are not yet specific enough to make a diagnosis. The patient is often contagious. |
| Definition of Illness? | The disease is most severe and has characteristic signs and symptoms. The immune response has been triggered; B and T cells are becoming active. |
| What is convalescence? | The period of decline, the signs and symptoms begin to disappear. This is the recovery stage. |
| What is an outbreak? | Sudden, unexpected occurrence of a disease, usually focally in a limited segment of a population. |
| What is Bacillus anthracis? | Anthrax; rectangular with sharply rounded ends. A disease of such animals as cows, goats, sheep, and deer. The disease is communicable to humans by air, contaminated meant, and contact with animals. |
| What are halophiles? | Salt loving bacteria, have been found in the dead sea and cannot produce their own food. Strict anaerobes - obligates. |
| Define Methanogens | produce methane - swamp gas. strict anaerobes & obligates. Part of humans normal flora. |
| Define Thermophiles | Heat loving bacteria. Archaea. Strict anaerobes - obligates. |
| Most motile prokaryotes move by use of this? | Flagella |
| These never have flagella | cocci |
| Only __________ and ___________ have flagella. | baccili, spirochete |
| Monotrichous | have one flagellum |
| If a single flagellum is located at each end, it is said to be? | polar flagellum |
| Amphitrichous | have a single flagellum at each pole |
| Lophotrichous | have a cluster of flagella at one or both ends |
| If flagella are spread fairly evenly over the whole surface of the bacteria, this is said to be? | peritrichous |
| The bacterial flagellum is composed of what three parts? | flagellar filament, basal body, hook |
| The information required for filament construction is present in the structure of the ___________ ____________ itself | flagellin subunit |
| These are microorganisms that do not require oxygen for growth but grow better in its presence. | facultative anaerobes |
| This produces the most deadly biological nerve toxin known | Clostridium botulinum |
| ___________ is an exotoxin and ____________ is an endotoxin both are deadly toxins and will produce spores. | Bacillus, Clostridium |
| This is a neurotoxin that produces lockjaw and kills with paralysis. | Clostridium tetani |
| These are substances used for biosynthesis and energy release and therefore are required for microbial growth. | nutrients |
| Endospores exist in a ___________ state, one with no measurable activity. | cryptobiotic |
| what is a sporangium? | vegetative cell that holds an endospore |
| The __________ act like propellers on a boat to move the bacteria. | flagella |
| _________ are required for conjugation; __________ allow them to exchange information | pili, plasmids |
| An organism that uses reduced preformed organic molecules as its principle carbon source. Is a consumer. Can also obtain hydrogen, oxygen, and electrons from the same molecules. | Heterotroph |
| also known as phototroph, an organism that uses CO2 as its sole or principal source of carbon. Because carbon cannot supply their energy needs, they must obtain energy from other sources, such as light or reduced inorganic molecules. | Autotroph |
| This contributes to the heat resistance of bacterial endospores | Calcium |
| These are ubiquitous and probably do not limit growth | microelements |
| What are the six most important macroelements? | carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus. |
| Three major growth factors | amino acids, purines and pyrimidines, and vitamins |
| What are the four nitrogenous bases for pyrines and pyrimidines? | adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine |
| B & C water soluble and A, D, E, and K fat soluble are examples of ____________ and needed to sustain growth. | vitamins |
| This is a layer of material lying outside the cell wall of a prokaryote that is well organized and not easily washed off. | capsule |
| this is a zone of diffuse, unorganized material that is removed easily. | Slime layer |
| when the capsule consists of a layer of a network of polysaccharides extending from the surface to the cell. | glycocalyxes |
| Fimbriae | short, fine hairlike appendages that are thinner than flagella. |
| what is chemotaxis? | a kind of taxis- a phenomenon in which bodily cells and other single cell or multi-cell organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment. |
| Thermotaxis | bacteria attracted to heat or cold |
| Phototaxis | bacteria attracted to light |
| Aerotaxis | bacteria attracted to oxygen |
| Responds to osmotic pressure | osmotaxis |
| What is run? | The straight movement of a bacterium |
| What is tumble? | random turning or tumbling movements made by bacteria when they stop moving in a straight line. |
| What is a communicable disease? | a disease that is associated with a pathogen that can be transmitted from one host to another. |
| source | location from which the pathogen is immediately transmitted to the host, either directly through the environment or indirectly through an intermediate agent. |
| reservoir | the site or natural environmental location in which the pathogen normally resides |
| period of infectivity | the time during which the source is infectious or is disseminating the pathogen. |
| carrier | an infected individual who is a potential source of infection for others. |
| The first epidemiologist and what did he work with? | John Snow, Vibrio cholerae |
| ____________ are inanimate materials or objects involved in pathogen transmission | Vehicles |
| Vector | living transmitter of a pathogen, most are arthropods or vertebrates. |
| Surgical instruments, bedding, and eating utensils are examples of? | Fomites |
| Salmonella typhosa | Typhoid Mary Mallon |
| Communicable disease | can be transmitted from one host to another |
| Source | location from which the pathogen is immediately transmitted to the host |
| Reservoir | the natural environment in which the pathogen normally resides |
| Period of Infectivity | the time in which the source is infectious or is disseminating the pathogen |
| Carrier | an infected individual who is a potential source of infection for others |
| What are the four types of carriers? | Active: individual who has an overt clinical case of the disease |
| Convalescence carrier | an individual who has recovered from the infectious disease but continues to harbor large numbers of the pathogen |
| Healthy carrier | individual who harbors the pathogen but is not ill |
| Incubatory carrier | individual who is incubating the pathogen in large numbers but is not yet ill |
| Name and give an example of the four main types of infectious disease transmission | Airborne, Contact, Vehicle and Vector [give examples] |
| Droplet Nuclei | small particles, usually 1 to 4 um in diameter, that result from droplets. They can remain airborne for hours or days and travel long distances. Chicken pox and measles. |
| Vehicles | inanimate materials or objects involved in pathogen transmission. A single source containing pathogen can contaminate a common vehicle that causes multiple infections. Living transmitter of a pathogen. Most are arthropods or vertebrates. |
| Fomite | surgical instruments, bedding, and eating utensils |
| Indirect transmission | transmission of the pathogen from the source to the host through an inanimate object |
| Direct transmission | an actual physical interaction with the pathogen, person to person |
| Nosocomial infection | result from pathogens that develop within a hospital or other type of clinical care facility and are acquired by patitents while they are in the facility |
| Endogenous | infection by a member of the individual's own normal body microbiota |
| Autogenous | caused by an agent derived from the microbiota of the patient despite whether it became part of the patient's microbiota following his or her admission to the hospital |
| Exogenous | infection from a source outside of the patients own normal body microbiota such as hospital staff, other patients, visitors, food, respiratory equipment, urinary caths and IV equipment |
| Chemoreceptors | attractants and repellants - special proteins that bind chemicals and transmit signals to the other components of the chemo-sensing system |
| Saprophytes | decomposers |
| Active process | requires energy and involves permeases-cell membrane proteins |
| Endocytosis | bringing into the cell |
| Passive process | does not require energy; diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion |
| Every cell has to ___________, ___________, and get rid of ___________. | eat, drink, waste |
| Epidemic | outbreak affecting many people at once |
| Pandemic | increase in disease occurrence within a large population over a very wide region (usually the world) |
| Morbidity rate | measures the number of individuals that become ill due to a specific disease within a susceptible population during a specific time interval |
| Mortality rate | the relationship of the number of deaths from a given disease to the total number of cases of the disease |
| Flagellar synthesis involves ___ to ___ genes. | 20 to 30 |
| Virulence | disease producing power of a microorganism |
| Prokaryotes reproduce through binary fission; 2 pathways occur during the cell cycle. What are they? | 1.) replicates and partitions the DNA into the progeny cells 2.) cytokinesis is carried out (septum formation and formation of progeny cells) |
| Develop within vegetative bacterial cells of several genera | Bacillus, Clostridium, Sporosarcina |
| Bacterial endospore are resistant to such environmental stresses as? | UV, heat, gamma, radiation, chemical disinfectants and desiccation |
| Spirillum | possesses a rigid cell with flagella for movement |
| Spirochete | has corkscrew form, flexible cell wall, and no flagella |
| Spore stage | allows resistance to desiccation, UV, low pH, high pH, staining, disinfectants |
| Micronutrients | manganese, zinc, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, and copper |
| Cometabolism | degradation of molecules in the presence of a growth-promoting nutrient that is metabolized at the same time |
Created by:
microbeth
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