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MABiology Antibodies

MA Biology - Antibodies

QuestionAnswer
Define antigen. An antigen is a molecule that stimulates an immune response.
Define antibody. An antibody is a protein molecule that can identify and neutralise antigens.
What is specificity and how does it occur? An antibody is specific to a particular antigen because of the shape of the variable region. Each type of antibody has a differently shaped variable region.
What is an antigen typically made up of? A protein or a glycoprotein on the plasma membrane, which will be a large molecule with a specific shape.
Why isn't an immune response stimulated by our own antigens? Our own antigens are recognised by our immune system, which recognises them as 'self', so no response is stimulated.
Which cells produce antibodies? They are produced by plasma cells, which have differentiated from B lymphocytes.
What is the structure of an antibody? They are Y shaped, with two distinct regions. It is made up of four polypeptide chains, has a variable region, a constant region and a hinge region.
Explain the importance of each region. Variable region: allows antibody to be specific to the correct antigen. Constant region: allows all antibodies to attach to phagocytic cells. Hinge region: allow flexibility so antibody can attach to more than one antigen.
Define neutralisation. Antibodies covering the pathogen binding sites to prevent the pathogen from binding and entering a host cell.
Define agglutination. When a large antibody binds many pathogens together, so that the whole group is too large to enter a host cell.
What is the difference between primary and secondary responses? The secondary response will be much more rapid, as antibodies can be produced more quickly.
Why is the secondary immune response faster? There will be some memory cells left in the blood as an immunological memory, which can quickly differentiate and proliferate when the antigen is detected.
Created by: RhoFro
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