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MABiology Spread10

Communication between cells

QuestionAnswer
What is cell communication? The communication between cells that allows effective coordination of a response.
How is a pathogen identified? The pathogen's antigens act as markers, showing that it's foreign. The antigens are detected by body cells.
How does the body send distress signals? When infected by a pathogen, body cells are usually damaged, and lysosmes will attempt to attack the pathogen. Parts of the pathogen often end up attached to the host's plasma membrane.
When a pathogen ends up damaged and attached to it's host's plasma membrane... It acts as a distress signal, and can be detected by cells from the immune system. It also acts as a marker, to indicate that the host cell is infected -T killer cells can destroy this infected cell.
What do macrophages do? Macrophages act like phagocytes, to engulf and digest the pathogen, but not fully. They incorporate the pathogens antigens into its cell membrane. It becomes an antigen-presenting molecule.
What are cytokines? Cytokines are hormone-like chemicals.
Macrophages communicate using cytokines and release... Monokines that attract neutrophils (by chemotaxis), or stimulate B cells to differentiate and release antibodies.
What do T cells, B cells and macrophages release? Interleukins, which can stimulate proliferation and differentiation of B and T cells.
Many cells release interferon. What does this do? It can inhibit virus replication and stimulate the activity of T killer cells.
Define clonal selection. The selection of the correct B/T or other cells.
Define clonal expansion. The reproduction of the correct B/T or other cells.
Created by: Chantelle:)
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