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Ch. 6-9
Anatomy & Physiology Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Dermis | Connective tissue layer beneath the epidermis comprised of mostly collagen; Lots of blood vessels; brings nutrients to the epidermis; House sweat glands and sebaceous glands, hair follicles, nail roots and piloerector muscles |
| Epidermis | Stratified squamous epithelium; Lacks blood vessels; Dead cells at the surface packed with tough protein called keratin |
| Hypodermis | Connective tissue underlying skin, subcutaneous tissue |
| 5 types of epidermis cell types | Keratinocytes, Stem cells, Melanocytes, Tactile cells, Dendritic cell |
| Keratinocytes | Produce and store keratin, waterproofing |
| Stem Cells | Undifferentiated cells that give rise to keratinocytes |
| Melanocytes | Synthesize pigment melanin that sheilds DNA from ultraviolet radiation |
| Tactile Cells | Touch receptors |
| Dendritic Cells | (Langerhans) Macrophages that guard against pathogens |
| Layers of the Epidermis | Stratum corneum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum basale |
| Stratum Corneum | Many layers of dead, scaly, keratinized cells that form the durable surface layer resistant to abrasion, penetration, and water loss |
| Stratum Lucidum | A thin translucent zone seen only in thick skin |
| Stratum Granulosum | Layers of flat keratinocytes containing dark- staining granules |
| Stratum Spinosum | Several layers of keratinocytes; Cells are linked by numerous desmosomes, important for theri barrier function |
| Stratum Basale | Primarily, stem cells and keratinocytes resting on the basement membrane with a scattering of melanocytes and tactile cells |
| Dermal Papillae | Upward fingerlike extensions of the dermis |
| Papillary Layer | Superficial zone of dermis; Areolar tissue |
| Reticular layer | Deeper and much thicker layer of the dermis; Dense irregular tissue |
| Hair Follicle | From which hair grows; Consist of 2 parts: epithelial root sheath and connective tissue root sheath |
| Hair Bulb | A swelling at the base where hair originates in the dermis |
| Hair Root | The remainder of the hair in the follicle |
| Hair Shaft | The portion above the skin surface |
| Hair Matrix | Region of mitotically active cells immediately above the papillae; growth center of hair |
| Dermal Papillae | Bud of vascular connective tissue encased by the bulb; provides hairwith its only source of nutrition |
| Piloerector Muscle (Arrector pili) | Bundles of smooth muscle cells, contractions produce goose bumbs; Located in the dermis layer |
| 5 types of glands | Merocrine Sweat glands, Aprocrine Sweat glands, Sebaceous glands, Cerumious glands. Mammary glands |
| Merocrine (Errine) Sweat Glands | Makes watery perspiration that cools the body |
| Apocrine Sweat Glands | Develope at puberty in groin axilla, areola, and beards in men; produce sweat that is thicker and carries scents |
| Sebaceous Gland | Keeps the skin and hair from becoming brittle; Contains sebum |
| Ceruminous Glands | Found only in external ear canal; waterproofs the canal and kills bacteria |
| Mammary Glands | Milk- producing glands that develop only during pregnancy and lactation; modified apocrine gland |
| Skin Cancer | Induced by the UV rays of the sun; one of the most common cancer but often high survival rates |
| 3 types of skin cancer | Basal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, Malignant melanoma |
| Basal Cell Carcinoma | Most common type; Seldomly metastisizes; formed from cells in the stratum basale |
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma | Arise from keratinocytes from stratum spinosum |
| Malignant Melanoma | Skin cancer that arises from melanocytes; Less than 5% of skin cancers but the most deadly; Metastisize rapidly and usually fatal |
| Warning signs in evaluating moles | ABCD; Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color, and Diameter |
| Periosteum | External sheath that covers bone |
| Endosteum | Layer of reticular connective tissue lining marrow cavity |
| Epiphyseal Plate | Area of hyaline cartilage that separates the marrow saces of the epiphysis nad diaphysis; Enables growth in length, involutes in adults so bone can no longer lengthen |
| Features of flat bones | 2 layers of compact bone enclosing middle layer of spongy bone |
| Bone Marrow | Soft tissue that fils the marrow cavity of long bones and cavities between the trabeculae of spongy bone |
| Red Marrow | Produces blood cells, in nearly every bone in children; in flat and spongy bone at proximal head of femur and humerus in adults |
| Yellow Marrow | Found in adults; No longer produces blood |
| Osteoblasts | Bone forming cells; layer under endosteum and periosteum; Synthesize bone matrix |
| Osteocytes | Former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix that have become trapped in the matrix |
| Lacunae | Tiny cavities where osteocytes reside |
| Cancaliculi | Small channels that connect lacunae, allow diffusion of nutrients and communication between cells |
| Osteoclasts | Bone- dissolving cells found on the bone surface; Arise from blood stem cells; multinucleated; Release calcium into blood for use |
| Remodeling | Results from combined action of bone dissolving osteoclasts and the bone- depositing osteoblasts |
| Concentric Lamellae | Regular layers of mineralized matrix and imbedded osteocytes |
| Circumferential Lamellae | Surrond the mass of osteons, making up the outer layer of compact bone |
| Ligaments | Hold bones together at the joints |
| Tendons | Attach muscle to bone |
| The Matrix | (Intracellular material) Osseous tissue about 1/3 organic and 2/3 inorganic |
| Spongy Bone (trabecular) | Consists of trabeculae, spaces are filled with red bone marrow; Provides strength with minimal weight |
| Interstitial Growth | Bones increase in length; Bone elongation from cartilage growth within the epiphyseal plate |
| Appositional Growth | Bone increases in width throughout life; deposition of new bone at the surface, also forms circumferential lamellae |
| Wolff's Law of Bone | Architecture of bone is determined by mechanical stresses placed on it; Remodeling is a collaboration between osteoblasts and osteoblasts |
| Calcitonin | Secreted by C cells of the thyroid gland when calcium concentration rises to high; lowers by either osteoclast inhibition or osteoblast stimulation |
| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) | Secreted by the parathyroid glands when blood calcium levels are low; rises by either stimulating a rise in oseoblast population, calcium reapsorption, promote calcitrol synthesis, or inibit new bone formation |
| Calcitrol (Vitamin D) | Raises blood calcium concentration by either increasing calcium absorption, increase calcium resorption, or promote kidney reabsorption of calcium ions |
| Osteoporosis | The most common bone disease; Severe loss of bone density |
| Compact Bone | Comprised of bundles of osteons |
| Osteon | Include a central canal carrying blood vessels surrounded by regular layers of mineralized matrix |
| Bony Joint (synostosis) | An immovable joint in which the gap between bone ossifies |
| Fibrous Joints (synarthrosis) | Adjacent joint boned are bound by collagen fibers |
| Sutures | Immovable or slightly movable fibrous joints that bind the bones of the skull |
| Gomphosis | Attachment of a tooth to its socket |
| Syndesmosis | Bones are bound by longer collagenous fibers that give the bones more mobility |
| Cartilaginous Joint | Two bones are linked by cartilage |
| Synchrondosis | Bones are bound by hyaline cartilage; epiphyseal plate in children |
| Symphysis | Two bones joined together by fibrocartilage |
| Synovial Joints | Bones are separated by a space called a joint cavity; most familiar and most freely movable |
| Articular Cartilage | Layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the facing surface of two bones |
| Synovial Fluid | Lubricant in the joint cavity that reduces friction and nourishes articular cartilage |
| Joint Capsule | Connective tissue that encloses the cavity |
| Bursa | A fluid filled sac that helps tendon slide more easily over joints |
| Tendon Sheaths | Elongated bursae wrapped around a tendon |
| Types of Synovial joints | Ball & Socket (shoulder, hip), Hinge (elbow, knee), Pivot (radius), Saddle (trapezionmetacarpal), Plane (intercaral), Condylar (radiocarpal) |
| Flexion | Decrease joint angle |
| Extension | Increases joint angle |
| Hyperextension | Extension beyond zero position |
| Abduction | Movement away from the midline |
| Adduction | Movement toward the midline |
| Supination | Movement of the forearm that turns the palm forward or upward |
| Pronation | Movement of the forearm that turns the palm posteriorly or down |
| Elevation | Raise vertically |
| Depression | Lowering body |
| Protraction | Movement anteriorly on transverse plane |
| Retraction | Movement posteriorly on the transverse plane |
| Circumduction | One end stationary while other end rotates |
| Rotation | Bone turning around a fixed axis |
| Plantar Flexion | Foot pointed downward |
| Dorsiflexion | Foot pointed upward |
| Inversion | Big toe pointed up, pinky toe down |
| Eversion | Pinky toe pointing up, big toe down |
| Glenohumeral Joint | Head of the humerus articulates with glenoid cavity of the scapula |
| Rotator Cuff | Made up of SITT muscles and biceps brachii |
| Hip Joint | Point in which head of femur inserts into the acetabulum of the hip bone |
| Acetabular Labrum | Horse- shoe shaped ring of fibrocartilage that deepens socket |
| Tibiofemoral Joint (knee joint) | Articulation of the medial and lateral condyles of the femur and tibia |
| Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) | Prevents hyperextention |
| Lateral and Medial Meniscus | Absorb shock on the knee and prevent the femur from rocking side to side on the tibia |
Created by:
Sweetp12407
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