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Bio Key Terms
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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| TYPE I | Survivorship curve that shows low death rates during youth and middle age, with high mortality in old age |
| TYPE II | Survivorship curve that shows a species with a death rate that is constant over its life span |
| TYPE III | Survivorship curve that shows a high death rate among young, but decreasing death rates for survivors. |
| POPULATION | Name for a localized group of individuals that belong to the same species. |
| ECOSYSTEM | Name for all of the biotic and abiotic factors in a specific environment . |
| BIOSPHERE | The portion of the planet in which all life exists. |
| COMMUNITY | Name for all the organisms that inhabit a particular area. |
| BIOMES | Name for any of the world’s ecosystems classified according to dominant vegetation and rainfall |
| HABITAT | Term that describes where an organism lives. |
| NICHE | Term that describes where an organism lives as well as its interactions with biotic and abiotic factors in that place. |
| KEYSTONE SPECIES | Organism that exerts an important regulating effect on other species in a community |
| DENSITY DEPENDENT LIMITING FACTORS | Population limiting factors such as disease, predation, and competition for food that increase as population increases |
| DENSITY INDEPENDENT LIMITING FACTORS | Factors such as earthquakes, hurricanes, and other natural disasters that limit population growth regardless of population size |
| COMMENSALISM | Symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits, and the other is neither helped or harmed |
| MUTUALISM | Symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit. |
| PARASITISM | Symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other organism is harmed |
| BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION | Term that describes the accumulation of toxins in animals in successive trophic levels, with the top levels having the highest concentration. |
| PRIMARY ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION | This occurs when organisms begin to inhabit a lifeless area that has no soil |
| SECONDARY ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION | This occurs when organisms begin to inhabit an area that has only soil present |
| EUTROPHICATION | Process where excessive nutrients in lakes causes increased growth of algae, eventually resulting in a loss of oxygen in the water and death of fish. |
| NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA | These convert atmospheric oxygen into ammonium (NH4+) |
| NITRIFYING BACTERIA | These convert ammonium into nitrites, and then into nitrates useable by plants |
| DENITRIFYING BACTERIA | These convert nitrates back into atmospheric nitrogen |
| CHAPARRAL | Biome found in coastal areas that has cool rainy winters and long, hot dry summers. Dense, spiny evergreen shrubs are dominant. |
| SAVANNA | Biome consisting of grasses and scattered trees with substantial plant growth in the rainy season. Regular seasons of drought occur and fire serves as the dominant abiotic factor |
| TUNDRA | Biome consisting of permafrost with very cold temperatures year round. High winds and little rain result in no trees or tall plants. |
| TROPICAL RAINFOREST | Equitorial biome that is very wet and warm year round. The tree canopy is so dense that little light gets through to the ground. A rapid turnover of nutrients and abundant biodiversity are found here as well |
| TEMPERATE GRASSLAND | Biome that undergoes seasonal drought with occasional fires. Precipitation is seasonal with dry and wet seasons. Deep, fertile soil is good for agriculture and prairie grasses are able to support many large herbivores |
| CONIFEROUS FOREST (TAIGA) | Biome where the dominant species are conifers. A diversity of mammals, birds, and insects exists and the environment is cool year round. |
| DESERT | Biome that receives sparse rainfall with plants and animals adapted to conserve/store water. Temperature varies daily/seasonally with hot and cold extremes. |
| TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST | Biome characterized by trees that drop their leaves in the fall. Forests are open with better sunlight exposure at lower levels, resulting in stratification into of forests into trees, shrubs, and an herbaceous layer. |
| ACTIVE | Form of cell transport that moves molecules against their concentration gradient &requires the use of ATP. |
| CLASSICAL CONDITIONING | Form of learning where 2 stimuli are presented at the same time to induce a response. Eventually, only one of the stimuli needs to be presented in order to induce the response |
| OPERANT CONDITIONING | Form of learning where a stimulus/response relationship is strengthened, often through the use of rewards |
| INSIGHT LEARNING | Form of learning where an animal seems to just “figure something out” without any prior experience |
| HABITUATION | This occurs when an animal no longer responds after repeated exposure to a stimulus |
| IMPRINTING | Specific form of learning that occurs during a Critical Period, it is heavily involved in forming social attachments. |
| FIXED ACTION PATTERN | A sequence of behaviors that essentially unchangeable and usually conducted to completion once started |
| ALTRUISM/KIN SELECTION | Behavior that favors the reproductive success of relatives, even at a cost to one’s own reproductive success. |
| TAXIS | Movement characterized by a change in direction toward or away from a stimulus. |
| PHEREMONES | Chemical signals that stimulate responses in other individuals. Such chemicals are a form of communication |
| KINESIS | Random movement characterized by a change in the rate of movement in response to a stimulus |
| NONPOLAR COVALENT | Type of bond where atoms share electrons equally |
| POLAR COVALENT | Type of bond where atoms share electrons unequally |
| HYDROGEN | Type of weak bond where a slightly positive hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to a slightly negative atom of oxygen in another molecule |
| IONIC | Type of bond where electrons are transferred from one atom to another. The two atoms then have opposite charges and are attracted to one another |
| REDUCTION | Reaction where a molecule gains electrons |
| OXIDATION | Reaction where a molecule loses electrons |
| HYDROPHILIC | Polar molecules that will dissolve in water |
| HYDROPHOBIC | Nonpolar molecules that cluster in water. |
| AMPHIPATHIC | Name for molecules that have both polar and nonpolar regions |
| BASES | Name for substances that cause an increase in OH- ions (pH greater than 7) |
| ACIDS | Name for substances that cause an increase in H+ ions (pH less than 7) |
| BUFFER | Bicarbonate is an example of this type of molecule that resists changes in pH |
| CELLULOSE | Polysaccharide that is a major component in plant cell walls. |
| GLYCOGEN | Polysaccharide used for energy storage in animals |
| CHITIN | Polysaccharide with Nitrogen containing subunits, it forms cell walls in fungi and exoskeletons in arthropods |
| STARCH | Polysaccharide used for energy storage in plants |
| POLYPEPTIDE | Term that refers to a chain of many amino acids |
| PROTEIN | Term that refers to the folded 3D structure of a chain of amino acids |
| PEPTIDE | Type of bond that holds two amino acids together |
| PRIMARY | Level of protein structure that refers to the specific amino acid sequence of a protein |
| SECONDARY | Level of protein structure that includes alpha-helixes(common in hair) and beta pleated sheets( common in silk). |
| TERTIARY | Level of protein structure that involves the unique 3D folding of the protein based on the types of bonds between its amino acids |
| QUATERNARY | Level of protein structure that refers to proteins made up of multiple polypeptide chains |
| UNSATURATED | Type of fatty acid that has kinks in its hydrocarbon chain due to double bonds between its carbon atoms |
| SATURATED | Type of fatty acid that has a straight hydrocarbon chain and no double bonds between its carbon atoms |
| CHOLESTEROL | Lipid that is an important precursor for all steroid compounds |
| PHOSPHOLIPID | Amphipathic molecule that makes up cell membranes |
| DENATURED | Term that refers to the unraveling of a protein in the presence of physical/chemical factors |
| TRIGLYCERIDE | Energy storage molecule consisting of 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol carbohydrate |
| WAX | Class of lipids found in fur, feathers, leaf surfaces, and insect exoskeletons |
| MITOCHONDRION | Organelle that performs cellular respiration in order to generate ATP |
| CYTOSOL | Name for the semifluid substance within the cell membrane |
| RIBOSOME | Small organelle that makes proteins, it is does not have membranes as part of its structure |
| SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM | Series of membranous sacks that manufactures oils, steroids, and phospholipids |
| VESICLE | General term for smaller membrane bound sac, often used to move molecules throughout a cell |
| VACUOLE | General term for larger membrane bound sac that stores molecules such as food or water |
| GOLGI APPARATUS | Organelle that labels and ships proteins coming from the Rough ER |
| LYSOSOME | This contains digestive enzymes that break macromolecules into monomers. The digestive enzymes can also be used to break down old or damaged cell organelles. |
| ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM | Series of membrane bound sacs covered with ribosomes, this organelle is a major site of synthesis of both proteins and cell membrane |
| PORE | Hole in the nuclear membrane that is lined by proteins. Regulates the passage of molecules into and out of the nucleus |
| NUCLEOLUS | Found inside the nucleus, this is made up of RNA. It is responsible for producing ribosomes |
| CHROMATIN | Found in the nucleus, this is made up of DNA wrapped around histone proteins |
| CYTOPLASM | Name that describes the cytosol and cell organelles together. |
| CHLOROPLAST | Organelle that performs photosynthesis in order to make sugars. |
| CHROMOSOMES | DNA is found in this form during cell division. |
| CILIA | These extend from the cell membrane in large numbers. In the windpipe they sweep mucous carrying trapped debris out of the lungs |
| MICROFILAMENTS | Smallest type of cytoskeletal fibers made of the protein actin |
| INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS | Cytoskeletal fiber that anchors cell organelles in place, it is made of keratin proteins |
| CENTROMERE | Region where microtubules are organized in both plant and animal cells |
| MICROTUBULE | Cytoskeletal fiber that is a hollow cylinder made up of subunits known as dimers. It provides tracks for moving organelles, vesicles, and chromosomes. Also found in eukaryotic flagella and cilia |
| PLASMODESMATA | Found in plants, these openings between adjacent cells connect the cytosol of the two cells. Allows for the free exchange of water, solutes and proteins |
| CENTRIOLES | This is found in the centrosome region of animal cells only. Function is currently unknown |
| FLAGELLUM | One or a few of these can extend from the surface of the cell membrane. Resemble long tails that beat in a whip-like fashion |
| PASSIVE | Cell transport where molecules are moved with the concentration gradient, from high to low |
| TRANSMEMBRANE | Type of protein that spans the entire cell membrane |
| INTEGRAL | Type of protein that is embedded in the cell membrane. |
| PERIPHERAL | Type of protein that is loosely bound to the surface of the cell membrane |
| GLYCOLIPID | This consists of a carbohydrate attached to a phospholipid |
| GLYCOPROTEIN | This consists of a carbohydrate attached to a membrane protein |
| AQUAPORIN | This is responsible for moving polar water molecules past the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipid bilayer. |
| COLLAGEN | The extracellular matrix is composed primarily of this type of fiber |
| CROSSING OVER | During meiosis, this process occurs during prophase I as homologous chromatids exchange segments of DNA |
| MITOSIS | Cell division occurs once during this process produces genetically identical cells. |
| MEIOSIS | Cell division occurs twice during this process to produce genetically different cells |
| INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT | During meiosis, this process occurs during metaphase I as homologous chromosomes arrange themselves at random into tetrads at the metaphase plate. |
| HOMOLOGOUS | The name for the 2 chromosomes (maternal and paternal) in a set |
| DNA POLYMERASE | Enzyme that builds a new DNA strand during DNA replication |
| HELICASE | Enzyme that “unzips” DNA so that DNA replication can occur |
| PRIMASE | Enzyme that adds small sections of RNA to start the process of DNA Replication |
| TELOMERE | DNA sequence found at the ends of chromosomes that does not contain genes, instead it prevent the erosion of essential information (genes) within the rest of the chromosome |
| LAGGING STRAND | Replicated DNA strand that is made up of Okazaki fragments |
| LEADING STRAND | Replicated DNA strand that is not made up of Okazaki fragments |
| SPLICEOSOME | Complex that removes introns from mRNA |
| EXON | Segment in mRNA that codes for proteins |
| CODON | Name for a triplet of nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a single amino acid or stop (protein ends) |
| ANTICODON | Three letter triplet found on tRNA that matches up with an mRNA codon |
| RNA POLYMERASE | Enzyme responsible for the creation of an mRNA molecule |
| HISTONES | Name for the proteins that DNA wraps around |
Created by:
erikmurphy
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