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Chapter 36
Skeletal, Muscular, and integumentary systems
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What do bones provide? | A system of levers on which muscles act to produce movement |
| What important functions does the skeletal system do? | It supports the body, protects internal organs, provides for movement, stores mineral reserves, and provides a site for blood cell formation. |
| How many bones are in an adult human body? | 206 bones |
| What are bones? | Solid network of living cells and protein fibers that are surrounded by deposits of calcium salts. |
| What is periosteum? | The bone surrounded by a tough layer of connective tissue |
| What are Haversian canals? | Are a network of tubes and they contain blood vessels and nerves and run through compact bone. |
| What is spongy bone? | A less dense tissue that is found inside the outer layer of compact bone. |
| Osteocytes? | Mature bone cells that are embedded in the bone matrix |
| Osteoclasts? | break down bone |
| Osteoblasts | Produce bone |
| Bone Marrow | soft tissue that act as cavities in a bone |
| Yellow marrow | made up of fat cells |
| Red Marrow | produces red blood cells, some kinds of white blood cells, and cell fragments called platelets |
| Cartilage | connective tissue that a skeleton of an embryo is composed of. |
| Stucture of a bone | 1.) spongy bone 2.) compact bone 3. Periosteum 4. Bone marrow |
| Ossification | Process where cartilage is replaced by bone |
| Axial skeleton is made up of? | Skull, Sternum, Ribs, Vertebral Column |
| Appendicular Skeleton is made up of? | Clavicale, scapula, Humerus,Radius, Pelvis,Ulna, Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges, femur, patella, fibula, tibia, tarsals, metatarsals, Phalanges. |
| Joint? | A place where one bone attaches to another bone |
| what depends for what a joint is classified as? | The type of movement |
| Immovable joints... | Allow no movement. They are interlocked and held together with connective tissue. |
| Slightly movable joints... | Permit cmall amount of movement. The joints are separated from each other |
| Freely Movable joints... | Premit direction is one or more directions. |
| Ball-and-socket joint pieces | Clavicle, Ball-and socket joint, scapula, and humerus |
| Hinge joint pieces | Femur, Patella, Fibula, Tibia, and Hinge joint |
| Pivot joint | humerus, radius, ulna, pivot joint |
| Saddle joint | Metacarpals, carpals, and saddle joint |
| Ligaments | Hold bones together and is a layer of a joint capsule |
| Three types of muscle tissue? | Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac |
| Skeletal muscle? | usually attached to bones and are responsible for voluntary movement. |
| Are skeletal muscle cells small or large? | Large and long and slender |
| What makes up skeletal muscle? | Muscle fibers, connective tissues, blood vessels, and nerves |
| What are smooth muscles? | Usually not under voluntary control. Spindle-shaped, had one nucleus, and not striated. |
| What do smooth muscles do? | Move food through your digestive tract, control the way blood flows through your curculatory system, and decrease the size of your pupils when in contact with light. |
| Where is Cardiac muscle found? | Found in the heart |
| What is myosin? | Thick filaments that are the force-producing engines that cause a muscle to contract |
| When does a muscle contract? | When the thin filaments in the muscle fiber slide over the thick filaments. |
| What is actin? | The thin filaments that are made up of mainly this protein. |
| Neuromuscular junction is? | The point of contact between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell. |
| Acetylcholine is?Vesicles or pockets in the axon terminals of the motor neuron release this neurotransmitter | Acetylcholine |
| What are skeletal muscles that are joined to the bones by tough connective tissues? | Tendons |
| what does the integumentary system | serves a barrier against infection and injury, helps to regulate body temp, removes wast products from the body, provides protection against uv rays from the sun. |
| Two main layers of skin | Epidermis and dermis |
| What is the outer layer of skin? | Epidermis |
| the part of the layer that is made of dead cells is part of the | Epidermis layer |
| What is keratin? | Tough, fibrous protein? |
| Melanin? | dark brown pigment |
| The inner layer of skin is? | Dermis |
| The tough layer of connective tissue surrounding each bone is called? | periosteum |
| The network of tubes that runs through compact bone is called? | Haversian canals |
| Cartilage is replaced by a bone during the process of | Ossification |
| Strips of tough connective tissue that hold bones together are known as.. | ligaments |
| Small sacs of sunovial fluid that help reduce friction between the bones of a joint are called | bursae |
| Joints that allow for circular movement are.. | ball-and-socket joints |
| The two proteins that are involved in the contraction of muscle are? | actin and myosin |
| The point of contact between a motor neuron and skeletal muscle cell is called a | neuromuscular junction |
| where are spongy bones found? | In flat bones |
| What are flat bones | Skull, shoulder, ribs, pelvis, |
| Long bones | Appendages, legs, and arms. |
| Medulary cavity | Store energy (fat cells) Yellow marrow |
| What is the highest energy form in the body | Fats |
| Miophibral | page 927. Individual protein stands. |
| ratchet theory | during muscle contraction they grab the actin and pull it. |
| cross-bridges | ex. rubber band snaps back to original shape once pulled apart and snapped back. This happens in actin movement in steps. |
| when calcium binds then.. | The cross bridge will grab the calcium forming a binding site. |
| How does calcium flow through Interstation fluid? | |
| WHat determines strength of a contraction | The amount that of fibers that need to do the work. |
| Communicating canals | |
| Membrane that supply s the blood to the bone | periosteon |
| Two types of cartilage | Articulate cartage (move or come together) |
| dense fibro cartitlage | for cushioning |
| Miniscus? | Knee cartilage. |
| Synovial fluid | Lubricator in body |
| Atlas | Holds cranium allows to shake up and down |
| C2 (axis) | allows to shake left to right |
| Saddle joint is where? | the wrist bone and thumb bone |
| Joint capsule |
Created by:
Ryanerica
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