Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Ch. 1-5
Anatomy & Physiology Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hierarchy of Complexity | Atoms, Molecules, Macromolecules, Organelles, Cells, Tissue, Organs, Organ Systems, Organism |
| Sagittal Plane | Cut body into left and right halves |
| Frontal Plane | Cut body into front and back halves |
| Transverse Plane | Cut body into top and bottom halves |
| Ipsilateral | Same side of the body |
| Contralateral | Opposite side of the body |
| Proximal | Toward the point of attachment/ origin |
| Distal | Away from the point of attachment/ origin |
| Negative Feedback | Effects in the opposite direction of the stimulus |
| Positive Feedback | Effect is in the same direction as the stimulus; Used when a process, once started, needs to be completed quickly |
| Elements of a feedback loop | 1. Stimulus 2. Receptor 3. Integration center 4. Effector |
| Dynamic Equilibrium | Things in the body, i.e. temp, can only get so high or low before the brain takes action |
| Homeostasis | Regulation of the body's internal conditions |
| Parietal Membranes/ Pleura | Lines cavity walls/ layer on top of visceral pleura |
| Visceral Membranes/ Pleura | Lines internal organs/ Lining directly on surface of the lungs |
| Pericardium | Lines the heart |
| Peritoneum | Lines the abdominopelvic cavity |
| Pluera | Lines the lungs |
| Atomic Number | Number of protons in the nucleus |
| Protons | Single, (+) Charged, mass= 1 amu |
| Neutrons | No charge, mass= 1 amu |
| Electrons | Single, (-) Charged, very low mass; Determine the chemical properties of an atom |
| Nucleus | Center of an atom |
| Electrolytes | Salts that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting an electric current; Importance: Chemical reactivity, influence water movement, electrical effects on nerve and muscle tissue |
| Ions | Charged particles with unequal number of protons and electrons |
| Anions | Atom that gains electrons (net negative charge) |
| Cations | Atom that loses an electron (net positive charge) |
| Chemical Bonds | Forces that hold molecules together, or attract one molecule to another |
| Ionic Bond | Relatively weak attraction between an anion and cation |
| Covalent Bond | Relatively Strong attraction; Sharing of 2 or more pairs of electrons between nucleui |
| Hydrophilic | "Water Lover", dissolves in water |
| Hyrophobic | "Water Hater", does not dissolve in water |
| Acid | A proton donor, pH less than 7 |
| Base | A proton acceptor, pH greater than 7 |
| pH | Measure derived from the molarity of H+ |
| Organic Compounds | Compounds with carbon base |
| Carbohydrates | Hydrophilic compound; Primary in humans include monosaccharides, dissacharides, polusaccharides |
| Lipids | Hydrophobic molecule; main function is energy storage, insulation, and shock absorption |
| Protein | A polymer of amino acids |
| Nucleic Acids | Polymers of nucleotides (DNA and RNA |
| 4 types of lipids | fatty acids, triglycerides, phospolipids, steroids |
| Amphiphilic Phospholipids | Fatty acid "tails" are hydrophobic, and phosphate "head" is hydrophilic |
| Trans Fat | |
| Cholesterol | Component of the cell membranes; precursor of other steroids |
| HDL | High Density lipoprotein; "good" cholesterol, lower ratio of lipid to protein and also may help cardiovascular disease |
| LDL | Low Density lipoprotein; "bad" cholesterol, high ratio of lipid to protein and contributes to cardiovascular disease |
| Protein Structure | 1. Primary: protein's sequence amino acids which is encoded in gene 2. Secondary: coil or folded shape held together by hydrogen bonds 3. Tertiary: further bending and folding into globular and fibrous shapes 4. Quaternary: three- dimensional shape |
| Enzyme | Proteins that function as biological catalysts |
| Substrate | Substance an enzyme acts upon |
| Activation Energy | Energy needed to get reaction started |
| 3 Components of nucleotides | Mitrogenous base(single or double carbon- nitrogen ring), Sugar (monosaccharide), and One or more phosphate group |
| ATP | Best known nucleotide; Adenine (nitrogenous base), ribose (sugar), pphosphate groups (3) |
| Role or Rough ER | Protein synthesis and manufacture of cellular membranes |
| Role of Smooth ER | Lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage |
| Role of the nucleus | Genetic control center of the cell, directs protein synthesis, and shelters the DNA |
| Role of ribosomes | Interpret the genetic code and sythesize polpeptides |
| Role of golgi complex | Receives and modify newly synthesized polypeptides, carbohydrates, and adds carbohydrates to glycoprotein; packages cel products into golgi vesicles |
| Role of golgi vesicles | Becomes secretory vesicles and carry cell products to apical surface for exocytosis, or become lysosomes |
| Role of lysosomes | Contain enzymes for intracellular digestion, autophagy, programmed cell death and glucose mobilization |
| Role of mitochondria | ATP synthesis |
| Role of microtubules | Form axomes of cilia and flagella, centrioels, basal bodies and mitotic spindles' enable motility of cell parts |
| Role of centrioles | Form mitotic spindles during cell division |
| Cytoplasm | Contains organelles, cytoskeleton, and cytosol (ICF) |
| Extracellulat fluid | Fluid outside of the cell |
| Plasma Membrane | Surrounds the cell and defines the boundaries; Made up of proteins and lipids; Controls passage of materials in and out of the cell |
| Microvilli | "Brush Border", Extensions of membrane; Serve to increase the surface area |
| Cilia | Hairlike processes, used for motility |
| Flagella | Tail of a sperm, whiplike structure with axoneme to cilium |
| Passive Transport | Require no ATP; Filtration, diffusion, osmosis |
| Active Transport | Consumes ATP |
| Carrier- Mediated Mechanisms | Use a membrane protein to transport substances from one side of the membrane to the other |
| Simple Diffusion | The net movement of particles from area of high concentration to low concentration |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Carrier- Mediated transport of solute through a membrane down its concentration gradient |
| How hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances pass throught the membrane | Hydrophobic= Diffusion through the lipid bilayer, Hydrophilic= Diffusion through channel proteins |
| Osmosis | Movement of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane to the other |
| Hypotonic Solution | Has lower concentration of nonpermeating solutes than ICF; Cell swelling |
| Hypertonic Solution | Has higher concentration of nonpermeating solutes; Cell shrinkage |
| Endocytosis | Vesicular processes that bring material into the cell |
| Exocytosis | Discharging material from the cell |
| DNA structure | Long, threadlike molecule with uniform diameter |
| Purines (double ring) | Adenine and Guanine |
| Pyrimidines (single ring) | Cytosine and Thymine |
| Molecular shape of DNA | Double Helix |
| 3 Components of nucleotides | Consists of 1 sugar, 1 phosphate group and 1 nitrogenous base |
| Law of complementary base pairing | One strand determines base sequence of the other |
| Genes | Genetc instructions for synthesis of proteins |
| Genome | All the genes of one person; Estimated 20,000-25,000 per human |
| RNA and DNA differences | RNA is much smaller than DNA; Only one nucleotide; Ribose replace deoxyribose; Uracil replaces Thymine |
| 4 Nucleotides | Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thyminee, Uracil |
| Transcription | Copying genetic instructions from DNA to RNA; Step from DNA to mRNA in protein synthesis |
| Translation | The process that converts the language of nucleotides into the language of amino acids; Step from mRNA to protein in protein synthesis |
| Ribosomes | Translate sequence of nucleotides into sequence of amino acids |
| Dominant Allele | Corresponding trait is usually detetable in the individual; Masks effect of the recessive allele; Produces protein responsible for the visible trait |
| Recessive Allele | Expressed only when present on both of the homologous chromosomes |
| Genotype | The allele that an individual possesses for a particular trait |
| Phenotype | Observable trait |
| Penetrance | The % of a population with a given genotype that actually exhibits the predicted phenotype |
| 4 Broad categories of Tissues | Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, and Muscular |
| Epithelial Tissue | Claasified by the # of layers and the cell shape; Structure consists of a flat sheet, one side open to environment or internal space; attached to basement membrane; functions as surface lining and forms glands |
| Simple Squamous | Found in the alveoli (lung) and serosa |
| Simple Cubodial | Lines ducts: thyroid and kidney tubules |
| Simple Columnar | May possess goblet cells; Line the GI tract |
| Pseudostratified | Contain cilia and goblet cells; Found in the respiratory tract |
| Keratinized Stratified Squamous | Found on the palms and soles; Resist abrasion, slows water loss |
| Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous | Found on tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus and vagina |
| Transitional | Found in ureter and bladder |
| Exocrine Glands | Deliever through a duct |
| Endocrine Glands | Have no ducts; secrete hormones directly into the blood |
| Types of fibrous connective tissue | Collagenous, elastic, and reticular |
| Cell types in fibrous connective tissue | Fibroblasts, immune cells, adipocytes (fat), chondroblasts (cartilage), osteoblasts (bone) and blood cells |
| Collagenous Fibers | Tough, flexible and rest stretch; Tendons, ligaments and deep layer of skin |
| Reticular Fibers | Form framework of lymph organs; Thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein |
| Elastic fibers | Made of protein called elastin; Allows large arteries to stretch and recoil |
| Types of cartilage | Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage |
| Hyaline Cartilage | Found in the trachea, larynx and lining of the joints |
| Elatic Cartilage | Provides flexible, elastic support; found on the external ear |
| Fibrocartilage | Contains bundles of collagen fibers; Resists compression and absorbs shock |
| Blood Cells | Fluid connective tissue |
| Plasma | Blood's liquid ground substance |
| Erythrocytes | Red blood cells; transport oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| Leukocytes | White blood cells; defense against infection and other diseases |
| Platelets | Cell fragments involved in clotting |
| Skeletal Muscle | Striated; Voluntary |
| Cardiac Muscle | Striated; Involuntary |
| Smooth Muscle | Non-Striated; Involuntary |
| Tight junctions | Fusion of outer phospholipid layers; acts as seal between cells |
| Desmosomes | Attach one cell to another by proteins; very strong button like |
| Gap Junctions | Connexons; allow movement of ions and small molecules between cells |
| Hyperplasia | Tissue growth due to increased # of cells |
| Hypertrophy | Tissue growth due to enlargement of preexisting cells |
| Atrophy | Shrinkage of tissue |
| Metaplasia | Change from one type of mature tissue to another |
| Neoplasia | Development of a tumor (neoplasm) |
| Regeneration | Replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cell as before; restores normal function |
| Fibrosis | Replacemetn of damaged cells with scar tissue; does not restore normal function |
| Serous Membrane | (serosa) Internal membrane |
| Mesothelium | Lines body cavities (pericardium, peritoneum, and pleura) |
| Endothelium | Lines blood vessels and heart |
| Mucus Membrane | (mucosa) Lines passageways that open to the outside |
Created by:
Sweetp12407
Popular Science sets