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SRB Science Finals
welcome loved ones, let's take a journey
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| weather | the short-term state of the atmosphere, inclucing temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind and visibility |
| humidity | the amount of water vapor in the air |
| relative humidity | the ratio of the amount of water vapor in the air to the maximum amount of water vapor the air can hold at a set temperature |
| condensation | the change of state from a gas to a liquid |
| cloud | a collection of small water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air, which forms when the air is cooled and condensation occurs |
| precipitation | any form of water that falls to the Earth's surface from the clouds |
| air mass | a large body of air where temperature and moisture content are constant throughout |
| front | the boundary between air masses of different densities and usually different temperatures |
| cyclone | an area in the atmosphere that has lower pressure than the surrounding areas and has winds the spiral toward the center |
| anticyclone | the rotation of air around a high-pressure center in the direction opposite to Earth's rotation |
| thunderstorm | a usually brief heavy storm that consists of rain, strong winds, lightning, and thunder |
| lightning | an electric discharge that takes place between two oppositely charged surfaces, such as between a cloud and the ground, between two clouds, or between two parts of the same cloud |
| thunder | the sound caused by the rapid expansion of air along an electrical strike |
| tornado | a destructive, rotating column of air that has very high wind speeds is visible as a funnel-shaped cloud, and touches the ground |
| hurricane | a severe storm that develops over tropical oceans and whose strong winds of more than 120 km/h spiral in toward the intensely low-pressure storm center |
| thermometer | an instrument that measures and indicates temperature |
| barometer | an instrument that measures atmosphere pressure |
| anemometer | an instrument used to measure wind speed |
| volcano | a vent or fissure in the Earth's surface through which magma and gases are expelled |
| magma chamber | the body of molten rock that feeds a volcano |
| vent | an opening at the surface of the Earth through which volcanic material passes |
| crater | a funnel-shaped pit near the top of the central vent of a volcano |
| caldera | a large, semicircular depression that forms when the magma chamber below a volcano partially empties and causes the ground above to sink |
| lava plateau | a wide, flat landform that results from repeated nonexplosive eruptions of lava that spread over a large area |
| rift zone | an area of deep cracks that form between two tectonic plates that are pulling away from each other |
| hot spot | a volcanically active area of Earth's surface far from a tectonic plate boundary |
| seismology | the study of earthquakes |
| deformation | the bending, tilting, and breaking of the Earth's crust, the change in the shape of rock in response to stress |
| elastic rebound | the sudden return of elastically deformed rock to its undeformed shape |
| seismic wave | a wave of energy that travels through the Earth away from an earthquake in all directions |
| P wave | seismic wave that causes particles of rock to move in a back-and-forth direction |
| S wave | a seismic wave that causes particles of the rock to move in a side-to-side direction |
| seismographs | instrument that records vibrations in the ground and determines the location and strength of an earthquake |
| seismograph | a tracing of earthquakes motion that is created by a seismograph |
| epicenter | the point on Earth's surface and directly above an earthquakes starting point or focus |
| focus | the point along a fault at which the first motion of an earthquake occurs |
| gap hypothesis | a hypothesis that is based on the idea that a major earthquake is more likely to occur along the part of an active fault where no earthquakes have occurred for a certain period of time |
| seismic gap | an area along a fault where relatively few earthquakes have occurred recently, but where strong earthquakes have occurred in the past |
| Deformation | the change of the shape of a rock due to stress |
| plastic deformation | when rocks change shape as if it is molded, which does not cause an earthquake |
| elastic deformation | when rocks change shape, but breaks because of too much stress, and returns to its originiall shape. leads to earthquakes |
| normal fault | occurs at a divergent boundary. hanging wall slips down relative to footwall |
| reverse fault | occurs at convergent boundary. hanging wall moves up relative to footwall |
| strike-slip fault | occurs at a transform boundary. plates slide horizontally past each other |
| earthquake zones | an area where a large number of earthquakes occur |
| surface wave | slowest and most destructive type of wave. moves the ground under the surface |
| love wave | a type of surface wave that moves back-and-forth |
| rayleigh waves | a type of surface wave that moves up, down, and around |
| convergent boundaries | occurs when two tectonic plates collide |
| divergent boundary | occurs when two tectonic plates move away from each other |
| transform boundary | occurs when two tectonic plates slide past each other |
| compression | when an object is squeezed |
| tension | when an object is stretched |
| folding | the bending of rock because of stress on the Earth's crust |
| anticline | folds in the crust that is upward-arching |
| synclines | downward folds |
| monoclines | a fold in rock layers where both ends of the earth are horizontal |
| mountains | form as a result of compression or tension by tectonic plates |
| folded mountain | make up the highest mountains in the world and occur as a result of compression at convergent boundaries (Ex Himalayas and Alps) |
| fault-block mountain | form when enough tension occurs to come large blocks of crust to drop down relative to other blocks (EX Grand Tetons) |
| volcanic mountains | Form at subduction zones on convergent boundaries because the rock melted at the subduction zones forms magma which rises to the Earth's surface to form volcanic mountains (EX Mount Rainer) |
| seismographs | used to determine an earthquake's epicenter, strength, and the distance one location is from the epicenter |
| magnitude | the measure of strength of an earthquake |
| intensity | a measure of the degree to which the earthquake is felt by people and the damage that is caused |
| earthquake hazard | a measure of how likely an area is to have a damaging earthquake in the future, west coast has the highest earthquake hazard level in the USA |
| magma | molten rock under the ground |
| lava | when magma flows onto the Earth's surface |
| nonexplosive eruptions | the most common eruption type that emits lava from a volcano |
| explosive eruptions | the rarer eruption type that sends hot debris, ash and gas into the atmosphere very rapidly |
| A'a lava | forms as lava flows out of a volcano very quickly. creates jagged sharp rocks and has low viscosity. it can flow quite far from the vent |
| pahoehoe lava | lava that forms slowly and looks like rounded billows of lava. It forms on the surface and has a high viscosity |
| pillow lava | Lava that is shaped like pillows and forms under the ocean. it has a high viscosity and forms very rapidly. |
| blocky lava | Lava that forms near the vent and is large blocks of lava. it has a high viscosity and is very stiff. it flows slowly |
| pyroclastic materials | volcanic bombs, lapilli, volcanic ash, and volcanic bombs |
| volcanic bombs | large portions of magma are spewed into the air. as the magma spins it cools and forms a smooth rounded exterior |
| lapilli | bits of magma that harden and form before they hit the ground. they are small pebbles |
| volcanic ash | formed when the gas found in the very stiff magma expands rapidly. when the walls of the gas bubbles explode, they form tiny slivers that look like glass |
| volcanic bombs | sometimes very large pieces of solid rock are thrown from the volcano |
| silica-rich magma | causes explosive eruptions with a stiff consistency. it flows so slowly it plugs vents. |
| cinder cone volcano | it is the simplest and smallest of the volcanoes and it erupts for only a short amount of time, made mostly of pyroclastic material |
| shield volcano | built almost entirely of fluid lava flows. forms some of the largest volcanoes |
| composite volcanoes | called strato volcanoes. typically steep-sided, symmetrical cones of large dimension built of alternating layers of lava flows, volcanic ash, cinder blocks, and bombs |
| water cycle | the movement of water in a continuous cycle |
| evaporation | when liquids change into a gas |
| condensation | when water vapor cools and chages from a gas to a liuid |
| precipitation | when rain, snow, sleet, or hail falls from the clouds onto the earth |
| runoff | when water flows across the land and collects in rivers, streams, and then the ocean |
| cumulous clouds | fluffy, bright white clouds with flat bottoms that bring fine weather. if large they tend to make thunderstorms |
| cumulonimbus clouds | clouds that produce snow and hail, consist of water droplets near bottom and ice in upper part |
| stratus clouds | clouds that form in layers out of water droplets |
| nimbostratus clouds | clouds that produce light to heavy precipitation that falls continuously |
| cirrus clouds | thin white clouds that produce at high altitudes. the strong winds result in the clouds wispy look. it is made of ice crystals |
| rain | water droplets |
| sleet | rain falls through freezing air |
| snow | water vapor forms to a solid by cold temperatures |
| hail | hard rain |
| air masses | large bodies of air with similar moisture and temperature |
| maritime air mass | air mass that forms over water and brings wet weather |
| continental air mass | air mass that forms over land and brings dry weather |
| polar air mass | air mass that forms over the polar areas and brings cold weather |
| tropical air mass | air mass that forms over the tropical areas and brings warm weather |
| continental polar air mass | forms in North Canada, brings cold winters and dry summers |
| maritime polar air mass (1) | forms in North Pacific Ocean, brings rain and snow in winter and fog the in summer |
| maritime polar air mass (2) | forms over North Atlantic Ocean, brings cool cloudy winters and cool foggy summers |
| maritime tropical air mass (1) | develops over warm Pacific Ocean |
| maritime tropical air mass (2) | develops over the Gulf of Mexico and areas over the Atlantic Ocean and moves over East Coast and Midwest (cloudy winters and hot humid summers with thunderstorms) |
| Continental tropical air mass | forms over the deserts of North Mexico and Southwest USA,brings dry hot summers |
| fronts | where two air masses meet |
| cold fronts | brings cool and clear weather. air pressure rises after the front passes |
| warm fronts | when warm air moves over colder, densier air. air pressure drops as the front arrives |
| occluded fronts | when a warm air mass is caught between two colder air masses, produces lots of rain or snow |
| stationary fronts | when warm and cool air masses stay separated because there is not enough wind energy to move them. brings cloudy and wet weather |
| weather balloon | GPS helps meteorologists track these. they record the temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, and wind speed |
| windsock | Points in the ONE DIRECTION that the wind is blowing, it allows the wind to blow through |
| doppler radar | uses doppler effect to determine velocity. it beams a microwave signal and waits to hear the reflection. also used in aviation, meteorology, and radiology |
Created by:
niallisaboss
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