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The Science Final
By Anna K. and Jill
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three layers of Earth by composition? | Crust, mantle and core |
| What is the thinnest layer of the Earth? | Crust |
| What are the two types of Earth's crust? | Continental and oceanic |
| Which type of crust is densest? | Oceanic crust |
| Which type of crust is thinnest? | Continental crust |
| What is the middle layer of the Earth? | Mantle |
| Has anyone ever visited the mantle? | No |
| Which layer of earth containst the most of Earth's mass? | Mantle |
| Which is denser: the mantle or the crust? | Mantle |
| The central part of Earth below the mantle is the... | Core |
| What are the five physical layers of the Earth? | lithospare,mesosphere,asthenospere,outer core and inner core. |
| the outermost, rigid layer of the earth | lithosphere |
| The plastic layer of the mantle on which pieces of the lithospher move | Asthenosphere |
| Beneath the asthenosphere is the strong, lower part of the mantle | Mesosphere |
| The liquid layer of the earth that lies beneath the mantle and surrounds the inner core | Outer core |
| The solid, dense center of our planet that extends from the bottem of the outer core to the center of the earth | Inner core |
| A block of lithosphere that consists of the crust and the ridged, outermost part of the mantle | Tectonic Plates |
| The vibrations that occur after an earthquake | Seismic waves |
| Machines that measure the times at which seismic waves arrive at different distences from an earthquake | Seismograph |
| The hypothosis that states that the contenents once formed a single landmass, broke up, and drifted to their present locations | Contenental Drift |
| The northern piece that Pangaea broke up into | Laurasia |
| The southern piece that Pangaea broke up into | Gondwana |
| The process by which new oceanic lithosphere forms as magma, rises toward the surface, and solidifies | Sea-floor spreading |
| Places where sea-floor spreading takes place | Mid-ocean ridges |
| When earth's magnetic poles change places | Magnetic Reversals |
| The boundary formed by the colision of two lithospheric plates | Convergent boundary |
| The boundary between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other | Divergent boundary |
| THe boundary between tectonic plates that are sliding past each other horozontally | Transform boundary |
| The process of oceanic lithosphere sliding downhill under the forces of gravity | Ridge Push |
| Causes oceanic lithosphere to move sideways and away from the mid-ocean ridge | Convection |
| The process of a tectonic plate sinking and pulling the rest of the tectonic plate with it | Slab pull |
| To measure the rate of tectonic plate movement | GPS |
| Stress that occurs when forces act to squeeze an object | Compression |
| Stress that occurs when forces act to streach an object | Tension |
| The bending of rock layers due to stress | Folding |
| Upward arching folds | Anticline |
| Downward trough-like folds | Syncline |
| When rock layers are folded so that both ends of the fold are horozontal | Monocline |
| A break in a body of rock along which one block slides relative to another | Fault |
| The blocks of crust on each side of the fault | fault blocks |
| When rocks are pulled apart because of tension | Normal fault |
| When rocks are pushed together by compression | Reverse fault |
| When rocks are moved horozontally by opposing forces | Strike-slip fault |
| Form when rock layers are squeezed together and pushed upward | Folded mountains |
| Form when tension causes large blocks of the earth's crust to drop down relative to other blocks | Fault-block mountains |
| The rock that is melted in subduction zones forms magma, whic rises to the earth's surface and erupts | Volcanic mountains |
| The rising of regions of the earth's surface | Uplift |
| The sinking of regions of the Earth's crust to lower elevations | Subsidence |
| A set of deep cracks that form between two tectonic plates that are pulling away from each other | Rift Zone |
| The study of earthquakes | Seismology |
| The bending, tilting, and breaking of the Earth's crust; the change in the shape of the rock in response to stress | Deformation |
| The sudden return of elastically deformed rock to its undeformed shape | Elastic rebound |
| A break in the earth's crust along which blocks of the crust slide relative to each other | Fault |
| Scientists who study earthquakes | Seismologists |
| Giant pieces of the earth's thin outermost layer | Tectonic plate |
| The type of deformation that does not lead to earthquakes | Plastic Deformation |
| The type of deformation that produces earthquakes when it rebounds | Elastic deformation |
| Occurs where two plates slip past each other | Transform motion |
| Occurs where two plates push against each other | Convergent motion |
| Occurs where two plates pull away from each other | Divergent motion |
| The type of fault created at divergent boundaries | Normal Fault |
| The type of fault created at a transform boundary | Strike-slip fault |
| The type of fault created at a convergent boundary | Reverse fault |
| A wave of energy that travels through the earth. away from an earthquake in all directions | Seismic waves |
| Seismic waves that travel through earth's interior | Body Waves |
| The two types of body waves | S Waves and P Waves |
| Seismic waves that travel along the earth's surface | Surface waves |
| A seismic wave that causes particles of rock to move in a back and forth motion; they are the fastest seismic waves | P Waves |
| A seismic wave that is also called a 'Primary wave' | P Wave |
| Also known as 'secondary wave' | S Wave |
| A seismic wave that causes particles of rock to move in a side to side direction; they are the second fastest seismic wave | S Wave |
| Instruments that records vibrations in the ground and determines the location and strength of an earthquake | Seismographs |
| A tracing of earthquakes motion that is created by a seismograph | Seismograms |
| The point of earth's surface directly above an earthquake's starting point | Epicenter |
| The point along a fault at which the first motion of an earthquake occurs | Focus |
| The simplest way that seismologist use to find an earthquake's epicenter | S-P Time Method |
| The most common scale used to measure the ground motion caused by an earthquake | Richter Magnitude Scale |
| The amount of damage caused by an earthquake | Intensity |
| A Hypothesis that is based on the idea that a major earthquake is more likely to occur along the part of an active fault where no earthquakes have occurred for a certain period of time | Gap hypothesis |
| An area along a fault where relatively few earthquakes have occurred recently but where strong earthquakes have occurred in the past | Seismic gap |
| The measure of how likely an area is to receive an earthquake | Earthquake hazard |
| Magma that flows onto the earth's surface | Lava |
| Molten rock below the surface of the earth | Magma |
| Areas of the earth's surface through which magma and volcanic gases pass | Volcanoes |
| Dust-sized particles that are expelled from a volcano in an explosive eruption | Ash |
| The body of molten rock that feeds a volcano | Magma chamber |
| An opening at the surface of the earth through which volcanic material passes | Vent |
| Material that forms when magma is blasted into the air and hardens | Pyroclastic material |
| Cool and stiff lava that does not travel far from the erupting vents that has a high viscosity and flows slowly | Blocky Lava |
| Lava with a high viscosity that flows like wax dripping from a candle | Pahoehoe Lava |
| A brittle and jagged type of lave that flows quickly | A'a Lava |
| A form of lava that forms underwater that does not have a high viscosity rate, but doesn't travel far from its vent | Pillow Lava |
| A flow of ash and other pyroclastic materials that are ejected from volcanoes during an explosive eruption | Pyroclastic Flow |
| Another name for composite volcanoes | Stratovolcanoes |
| The largest type of volcanoes that include mountains such as Mauna Kea | Shield volcanoes |
| Volcanoes made of pyroclastic materials produced from their explosive eruptions | Cinder Cone volcanoes |
| A funnel-shaped pit near the top of the central vent of a volcano | Crater |
| A large, semicircular depression that forms when the magma chamber below a volcano partially empties and causes the ground around it to sink | Caldera |
| A wide, flat landform that results from repeated nonexplosive eruptions of lava that spread over a large area | Lava Plateau |
| The name given to the area surrounding the Pacific Ocean because of its large amount of volcanoes | Ring of Fire |
| Percentage of active volcanoes on land that form where plates collide | 80% |
| Percentage of volcanoes on land that form where plates separate | 15% |
| The name of the Greek city destroyed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius | Pompeii |
| A volcanically active area of earth's surface far from tectonic plate boundaries | Hot Spot |
| Columns of rising magma thought to cause hot spots | Mantle Plumes |
| One example of a volcanic islands that were caused by hot spots | Hawaiian Islands |
| The type of volcano that are not currently erupting, but may erupt again | Dormant Volcanoes |
| Volcanoes that have not erupted in recorded history and probably never will again | Extinct Volcanoes |
| Volcanoes that are currently erupting or will in the near future | Active Volcanoes |
| An instrument used to measure the slope of a volcano | Tiltmeter |
| The condition of the atmosphere at a certain time and place | Weather |
| The continuous movement of water from sources on earth's surface into the air, onto and over the land, into the ground, and back to the surface | Water Cycle |
| When liquid water changes into water vapor | Evaporation |
| When water vapor cools and changes from a gas into a liquid. | Condensation |
| The process that forms clouds | Condensation |
| When rain, snow, sleet, or hail falls from the clouds onto Earth's surface | Precipitation |
| Water that flows across land and collects in rivers, streams, and the ocean | Runoff |
| Moisture in the air | Water vapor |
| The amount of water vapor in the air | Humidity |
| The ratio of the amount of water vapor in the air to the maximum amount of water vapor the air can hold at a set temperature | Relative Humidity |
| When air holds all the water that it can at a given temperature | Saturated |
| As the temperature increases, the air's ability to hold water... | Increases |
| An instrument used to measure relative humidity | Psychrometer |
| The temperature at which a gas condenses into a liquid | Dew Point |
| True or false: air is saturated when it is at its dew point | True |
| A collection of millions of tiny water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air, which forms when the air is cooled and condensation occurs | Cloud |
| Puffy, white clouds with flat bottoms that form when warm air rises | Cumulus Clouds |
| Clouds that produce thunderstorms | Cumulonimbus clouds |
| Two certain prefects used to describe clouds likely to produce precipitation | Nimbo- and -nimbus |
| Clouds that form in layers | Stratus clouds |
| Stratus clouds that typically produce light to heavy continuous rain | Nimbostratus clouds |
| Stratus clouds that form near the ground | Fog |
| Thin, feathery, white clouds that are found at high altitudes | Cirrus clouds |
| A cumulus cloud that is formed high in the atmosphere | Cirrocumulus cloud |
| Prefix used to describe clouds that form at high altitudes | Cirro- |
| Prefix used to describe clouds that are found at middle altitudes | Alto- |
| Water, in solid or liquid form, that falls to the Earth from the air | Precipitation |
| The four most common types of precipitation | Rain, sleet, snow, and hail |
| The most common type of precipitation | Rain |
| Precipitation that forms when rain falls through a layer of freezing air | Sleet |
| Forms when temperatures are so cold that water vapor changes directly into a solid | Snow |
| Balls or lumps of ice that form in clouds | Hail |
| A large body of air where temperature and moisture content are constant throughout | Air Mass |
| The area over which an air mass forms | Source Regions |
| The boundary between air masses of different densities and usually different temperatures | Front |
| Where a cold air mass meets a warm front and pushes it up | Cold front |
| Where warm air meets cold air and gradually replaces it | Warm Front |
| When a warm air mass is caught between two air masses | Occluded Front |
| When a cold air mass meets a warm air mass, but neither have enough force to lift the other up | Stationary Front |
| Areas that have lower pressure than the surrounding areas | Cyclones |
| Areas that have higher pressure than the surrounding areas | Anticyclones |
| A usually brief and heavy storm that consists of rain, strong winds, lightning and thunder | Thunderstorms |
| An electric discharge that takes place between two oppositely charged surfaces. | Lightning |
| The sound caused by the rapid expansion of air along an electrical strike | Thunder |
| A destructive, rotating column of air that has very high wind speeds, is visible as a funnel-shaped cloud, and touches the ground | Tornado |
| Percentage of thunderstorms that develop tornadoes | 1% |
| Percentage of the world's tornadoes that occur in the United States | 75% |
| A severe storm that develops over tropical oceans and whose strong winds of more that 120km/h spiral in toward the intensely low pressure storm center | Hurricanes |
| Hurricanes that form in the Pacific Ocean | Typhoons |
| Hurricanes that form in the Indian Ocean | Cyclones |
| A group of cumulonimbus clouds surrounding the eye of a hurricane | Eye Wall |
| The relatively calm center of a hurricane | Eye |
| Spiraling bands of clouds that circle the center of a hurricane | Rain Bands |
| A wall of water that builds up over the ocean because of the strong winds and low atmospheric pressure | Storm Surge |
| a prediction of weather over the next 3-10 days | Weather Forecast |
| A person who observes and collects data on atmospheric conditions to make weather predictions | Meteorologist |
| An instrument that measures and indicates temperature | Thermometer |
| An instrument that measures atmospheric pressure | Barometer |
| An instrument used to measure wind speed | Anemometer |
| A cone shaped cloth bag that indicates wind direction | Windsock |
| Used to find the location, movement, and amount of precipitation | Radar |
| Radar that is used to track precipitation | Doppler radar |
| Satellites that orbit Earth to provide images of weather systems | Weather satellites |
| A small circle that shows the location of a weather station | Station Models |
| Lines that connect points of equal air pressure on a weather map | Isobars |
Created by:
Trollol
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