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Biology: Evolution
Evolution Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Evolution | Change over a period of time. |
| Scala Natura | "Life had evolved from lesser forms in attempt to achieve perfection." -Aristotle |
| Jean Lamarck | Explained that the giraffe achieved it's long neck from generations of stretching its neck. |
| Alfred Wallace | Developed the theory of evolution by Natural Selection. |
| HMS Beagle | A ship that Darwin and Captain Fitzroy sailed to the Galapagos Islands where Darwin found the many species of Finches. |
| Acquired Characteristics | A nonhereditary change of function or structure in an animal or plant due to its environment. |
| Microevolution | Any change in allele frequency from mutation and/or natural selection. |
| Mutation | Caused by changes or alterations in DNA |
| 2 Factors Necessary for Evolution | Are mutation and change in gene frequency. |
| Natural Selection | Where organisms that better adapt to their environment survive and reproduce. |
| Competitive Advantages | Size, strength, health (disease resistant) |
| Adaptation | To adjust one's lifestyle to a new environment. |
| Directional Selection | An extreme form of a gene that shifts one's population to that genotype. |
| Stabilizing Selection | Intermediate forms of a gene are favored and alleles of the extreme form are eliminated. |
| Disruptive Selection | Forms at both ends are favored and intermediate forms are selected against. |
| Sexual Selection | A trait that most attracts the opposite sex. |
| Cambrian Explosion | The rapid diversification of all animal life around the beginning of the Cambrian Period, resulting in the appearance of almost all modern animals. |
| Species | A group of similar living organisms capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding. |
| Niche | How an organism makes a living. |
| Gene Flow | When animals move-in and out of a population alleles are lost and added. |
| Genetic Drift | When a population is divided into two subpopulations, each with different mutations, they begin to drift apart genetically. |
| Reproductive Isolation | The inability of a species to breed successfully with related species due to geographical, behavioral, physiological, or genetic barriers. |
| Founder Effect | When a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population. |
| Bottleneck Effect | When a population is reduce by intense selection, and the population is forced to rebuild from few individuals. |
| Gene Pool | The total genetic diversity within a population. |
| Speciation | The formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution. |
| Allopatric Speciation | A population is physically separated so that the gene flow between 2 sub-populations is prevented. |
| Sympatric Speciation | Organisms whose ranges overlap or are even identical, so that they occur together at least in some places. |
| Divergence | Animals or plants that are descended from a common ancestor evolve into different forms when living under different conditions. |
| Adaptive Radiation | The process where a single species is the creator of more than one new species. |
| Gradualism | The belief that evolutionary change occurred slowly and steadily over long periods of time. |
| Punctuated Equilibrium | Theory that through out the long period of evolution there are bursts of adaptive radiation. |
| Anagenesis | The variations which develops within a species.(microevolution) |
| Cladogenesis | Populations becoming genetically isolated and then diverging in different evolutionary directions.(adaptive radiation) |
| Cladistics | The study of phylogeny or evolutionary relatedness or organisms based on a common ancestral character. |
| Phylogeny | The evolutionary relatedness of a group of organisms. |
| Extinction | A coming to an end, or ceasing to exist. |
| Extinction Event | Solitary Extinction: when a species fails the natural selection test. Natural Extinction: occurs every 5-6 thousand years. Mass Extinction: a rapid disappearance of a large number of species. |
| K-T Extinction | At the end of the Cretaceous Period a resulting extinction of 75% of the then existing species. |
| "Big Dying" | At the end of the Permian Period 95%(251 million) of all species became extinct. |
| Alvarez | The last name of Luis and Walter, whom had found evidence in regards to the K-T Extinction. |
| Macroevolution | The patterns, trends and rates of change among direct descendants of different species over time. |
| Fossil Record | The record of evolution as observed in the layering of rocks. |
| Radiometric Dating | Method of dating the age of rocks by radioactive isotopes. |
| Homology | A similarity between one or more body parts in different animals that attribute to descent from common ancestors. |
| Analogy | Descendants of different animals that seem related. |
| Morphological Convergence | Evolved structures that have different structural origins but seem similar due to environmental pressure. |
| Morphological Divergence | A structure modifies itself under different environmental selection pressures. |
| Molecular Clocks | Dating evolutionary events by counting mutations in genes/DNA. |
| Mitochondrial Eve | A woman from East, central Africa: the origin of homo-sapiens. |
| Hox Genes | Genes that direct the orientation of the developing/control groups of other genes. |
| Evo-Devo | The merger of developmental biology with evolution. |
| Biodiversity | Sum total of all species on the planet; believed to be approx. 10 million species. |
| Age of Earth | 4.5 Billion years old. |
| Stromatolites | Related to modern day blue-green algae; the oldest fossils dated to 3.5 billion. |
| Teleology | The study of evidence of design in nature; a doctrine of explaining phenomena by final causes or purpose. |
| First Life | 3.5 Billion years; stromatolites. |
| Intelligent Design | The pseudo scientific belief that some living features are too complex to have evolved and therefore, must have been created by an intelligent designer. |
Created by:
cjones4
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