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Cell Bio chapt 7-11
Membranes, Metabolism, Aerobic Respiration, ETC, Photosynthesis
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 5 main functions of membranes? | boundry/permeability barrier, organization and localization of function, transport processes, signal detection, cell-cell interactions and communication |
| What does it mean to say the membrane components are dynamic? | they are diverse and in constant motion |
| What are the 3 most common phospholipids? | phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, sphingomeylin |
| What are the 3 main types of glycolipids? | glycosphingolipids, cerebrosides/gangliosides, glycerols |
| Where are cerebrosides and gangliosides found? | brain and nerve cell membranes |
| What are the 2 types of glycerols? | monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) |
| What are sterols? | 4 carbon ring units |
| What are the 3 types of lipids found in membranes? | phospholipids, glycolipids, sterols |
| What are the 2 most common saturated fatty acids found in membranes? | palmitate (16-carbon), stearate (18-carbon) |
| What are the 2 most common unsaturated fatty acids found in membranes? | oleate (18-carbons with 1 double bond), linoleate (18-carbons with 2 double bonds) |
| What are the 3 types of lipid movement? | transverse diffusion, rotation, lateral diffusion |
| This type of lipid movement is when 2 lipids switch places top-bottom, called "flip-flop." | transverse diffusion |
| This type of lipid movement is when the lipid spins in place. | rotation |
| This type of lipid movement is when 2 lipids on the same side switch places. | lateral diffusion |
| What is Tm? | transition temperature; the temperature at which the membrane "melts"/becomes more fluid |
| What factors lead to a higher Tm? | longer carbon chains, more double bonds |
| What are the 3 main classes of membrane proteins? | integral membrane proteins, peripheral membrane proteins, lipid-anchored proteins |
| This type of integral membrane protein goes all the way through the membrane with its ends hanging outside each surface of the membrane. | transmembrane protein |
| This type of membrane protien is amphipathic and embedded withing the membrane. | integral membrane proteins |
| This type of membrane protein can be directly bound to the surface of the membrane or indirectly bound to the surface of the membrane. | peripheral membrane proteins |
| This type of membrane protein is covalently bound to membrane lipids. | lipid-anchored proteins |
| What are the 2 types of anchors used by lipid-anchored proteins? | fatty acid/isoprenyl (single), glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs, double) |
| What are the 6 functions of membrane proteins? | enzyme, transfer proteins, transport proteins, receptor proteins, cellular contact, stabilization of the membrane/cell shape |
| This function of membrane proteins is kinase protein regulation. | enzyme |
| This function of membrane proteins is involved in the electron transport chain (ETC). | transfer |
| This function of membrane proteins is as a carrier or channel protein. | transport |
| This function of membrane proteins is involved in hormone binding. | receptor |
| What are glycoproteins? | proteins with covalently linked carbohydrate side chains. |
| Where does glycosylation occur? | within the Golgi |
| What are the types of glycosylation? | N-linked, O-linked |
| What are 4 common sugars found in glycoproteins? | galactose, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, sialic acid |
| What is transport? | the selective movement of ions and organic molecules |
| What is simple diffusion? | the direct, unaided movement down a concentration gradient |
| What is facilitated diffusion? | passive transport; the use of transport proteins to move solutes down a concentration gradient |
| ΔG < 0 | movement is down (with) gradient |
| ΔG > 0 | movement is against gradient |
| What is simple diffusion limited by? | molecule size, polarity, charge |
| What are some molecules that can move by simple diffusion? | gases, nonpolar molecules, water, ethanol, glycerol |
| What is osmosis? | the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
| What types of molecules use facilitated diffusion? | large solutes, polar/charged solutes |
| What are carrier proteins? | transporters or permeases |
| What are channel proteins? | hydrophilic channels |
| What are the 2 types of carrier proteins? | uniport, coupled transport |
| This type of carrier proteins only allows molecules through one direction ("one-way street"). | uniport |
| This type of carrier protein has 2 sub-types that allow 2 molecules to travel through it at once. | coupled transport |
| What is a symport? | a type of carrier protein that allows 2 molecules through going in the same direction |
| What is an antiport? | a type of carrier protein that allows 2 molecules through going opposite directions |
| Channel proteins are ____ ____ ____. | gated ion channels |
| This type of channel protein is opened or closed by electrical potential stimulation. | voltage-gated |
| This type of channel protein is enzyme-like. | ligand-gated |
| What does endergonic mean? | energy-requiring |
| What is active transport used for? | uptake of nutrients, removal of secretory products/waste, maintenance of nonequilibrium concentrations |
| What are the 2 types of active transport? | direct (primary), indirect (secondary) |
| This type of active transport uses ATP to move ions and molecules against their gradients. | direct (primary) |
| This type of active transport does not use energy and allows molecules and ions to move down (with) their gradients, and it can also allow other molecules and ions to piggy-back on other molecules to go against their gradients. | indrect (secondary) |
| What are the 4 types of ATP-ases involved in active transport? | transport/ABC, p-type, v-type, f-type |
| This type of ATP-ase is an Na/K pump that maintains ion gradients. | p-type |
| This type of ATP-ase is vacuole-like and found in lysosomes and secretory membranes to maintain pH. | v-type |
| This type of ATP-ase is involved in food activities. | f-type |
| This type of ATP-ase transports ions, sugars, amino acids, proteins, polysaccharides. | ABC |
| What is metabolism? | the sum of an organism's chemical reactions |
| What is a metabolic pathway? | the arrangement of chemical reactions |
| What are the 2 types of metabolic pathways? | catabolic, anabolic |
| This type of metabolic pathway releases energy by breaking down complex molecules. | catabolic |
| This type of metabolic pathway uses energy to build complex molecules. | anabolic |
| What is NAD? | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; an electron acceptor used in photosynthesis and aerobic respiration |
| What are the 2 forms of NAD? | oxidized: NAD+, reduced: NADH |
| What is glycolysis? | the splitting of sugar that starts the process of ATP production, and it's the first step in fermentation and respiration |
| What is aerobic respiration? | the complete oxidation of glucose in the presence of oxygen |
| What is anaerobic respiration? | the complete oxidation of glucose in the absence of oxygen using a different electron acceptor such as S, H+, Fe |
| What is fermentation? | the partial oxidation of glucose in the absence of oxygen |
| What is an obligate aerobe? | an organism that needs oxygen to survive |
| What is an obligate anaerobe? | an organism that is unable to survive in the presence of oxygen |
| What is a facultative organism? | an organism that can survive with or without oxygen |
| Phase 1 of glycolysis | cleavage of glucose -> 2-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate |
| Phase 2 of glycolysis | oxidation and ATP generation |
| Phase 3 of glycolysis | pyruvate formation and ATP generation |
| What is the net yield ATP for glycolysis? | 2 ATP |
| What are the 2 types of fermentation? | lactic acid, alcoholic |
| What are the 9 main alternative substances that can be modified and input into glycolysis instead of glucose? | glycogen, starch, lactose, maltose, sucrose, galactose, fructose, mannose, glycerol |
| What is gluconeogenesis? | the synthesis of glucose |
| What are the 3 ways glycolysis and gluconeogenesis can be regulated? | spatial regulation, temporal regulation, allosteric regulation |
| Where does aerobic respiration occur? | within mitochondria |
| What is chemiosmosis? | the use of gradients to drive cellular work |
| What is oxidative phosphorylation? | oxygen-dependent movement of electrons that provides the energy to produce ATP |
| What is the electron shuttle system? | a redox step that allows NADH in the cytosol to deposit its electrons in the mitochondria |
| What are photons? | discrete energy particles |
| What is photoexcitation? | resonance energy transfer |
| What is photochemical reduction? | the transfer of a photo-excited electron to another molecule to begin the electron transport chain (ETC) |
| What are the 2 main types of chlorophylls used in photosynthesis? | chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b |
| What are the 2 types of accessory pigments used in photosynthesis? | carotenoids (orange), phycobilins (red and blue) |
| What are plastoquinones? | electron acceptors/donors |
| How can the Calvin cycle be regulated? | by the enzymes Rubisco, sedoheptulose bisphosphate, PRK |
| What does Rubisco activase do? | activates Rubisco by removing sugar-phosphate from its active site |
| What are phosphate translocators? | transport proteins that allow triose phosphates to leave chloroplasts to become starches |
| How do plants in hot/dry climates adapt? | close stomata and use Hatch-Slack cycle to avoid photorespiration and losing water |
| How to cacti adapt to their environments? | open stomata at night |
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