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Cell Bio Chapt 1-5
Overview, Cell Chemistry, Macromolecules, Organelles, Bioenergetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| This is the study of cell structure and optical techniques. | cytology |
| This field of science examines cell structure and function. | biochemistry |
| This field of biology studies genes and inheritance. | genetics |
| What is bond energy? | the amount of energy required to break 1 mol of a bond |
| What is a calorie? | the amount of energy required to raise 1 g of water 1 degree C |
| What makes carbon stable enough to be the most important element for life? | shorter wavelength -> higher energy to break, single bonds have more energy than visible light |
| What are the functional groups that can be added to hydrocarbons? | carboxyl, phoshates, amino, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, carbonyl, aldehyde |
| These functional groups are neutral. | hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, carbonyl, aldehyde |
| This functional group is positively charged. | amino |
| This functional group forms acids and is negatively charged. | carboxyl |
| This functional group forms nucleotides and phosopholipids, and it is negatively charged. | phosphates |
| What are isomers? | molecules having the same chemical formula but different physical structures |
| What are stereoisomers? | molecules that form mirror images of each other |
| What is specific heat? | the amount of heat 1 g of substance must absorb to increase temperature by 1 degree C |
| What is heat of vaporation? | the amount of heat a liquid absorbs to turn into a gas |
| This type of molecule is polar or charged and is soluble in water. | hydrophilic |
| This type of molecule is neutral and insoluble in water. | hyrophobic |
| What is an amphipathic molecule? | a molecule having a hyrophobic region and a hydrophilic region |
| What are the types of macromolecules? | nucelic acids, proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids |
| This chemical reaction breaks down polymers. | hydrolysis |
| What are the factors that influence self-assembly of proteins? | pH, temperature, [salt] |
| This occurs if the conditions surrounding the protein are altered. | denaturation |
| This occurs if the conditions surrounding the protein are returned to the optimal conditions. | renaturation |
| What are molecular chaperones? | molecules that aid in protein folding by creating and maintaining the optimal conditions |
| What are macromolecules? | biologically important polymers composed of monomers |
| What are the types of proteins? | enzymatic, defensive, transport, receptor, motility, hormones, regulatory, storage, structure |
| What makes up a protien? | 1+ polypeptides folded into a specific 3-D structure |
| What are the monomers of proteins? | nucleic acids |
| What nucleic acids are in the nonpolar, hydrophobic group (Group A)? | gly, ala, val, leu, ile, met, phe, trp, pro |
| What nucleic acids are in the polar, uncharged, hyrophilic group (Group B)? | ser, thr, cys, tyr, asn, gln |
| What nucleic acids are in the acidic, polar, charged, hydrophilic group (Group C)? | asp, glu |
| What nucleic acids are in the basic, polar, charged, hydrophilic group (Group C)? | arg, his |
| This type of bond forms between carboxyl and amino groups. | peptide bond |
| This type of reaction is used in the building of polypeptides. | condensation |
| These fold into proteins and are composed of multiple amino acids. | polypeptide |
| This is made up of asymmetric carbons, carboxyl groups, and amino groups. | polypeptide backbone |
| This is the amino end of the protein. | N-terminus |
| This is th ecarboxyl end of the protein. | C-terminus |
| This type of protein is made up of 1 polypeptide. | monomeric protien |
| This type of protein is made up of multiple polypeptides. | multimeric protein |
| What does the pre-determined protein structure depend on? | amino acid interactions |
| What amino acid interactions are involved in determining protein structure? | disulfide bonds, H-bonds, ionic bonds, van der waals interactions (dipoles), hydrophobic interactions |
| What are the 4 levels of protein structure? | primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure |
| This level of protein structure is the sequence of amino acids. | primary structure |
| This level of protein structure is alpha helicies and beta sheets. | secondary structure |
| This level of protein structure is the interactions between the alpha helicies and beta sheets. | tertiary structure |
| This level of protein structure is only found in multimeric proteins, and it is the interactions between polypeptides. | quaternary structure |
| What are 3 amino acids involved in alpha helicies? | leu, met, glu |
| What are 3 amino acids involved in beta sheets? | val, phe, ile |
| This type of tertiary structure involves extensive secondary structure. | fibrous |
| This type of tertiary structure is when the polypeptide is folded into a compact structure. | globular |
| What is a domain? | the folded region of a tertiary structure with a specific function |
| What are the monomers of nucleic acids? | nucleotides |
| What do nucleic acids do? | store genetic info |
| What are the 2 types of nucleic acids? | DNA, RNA |
| What are the 3 main parts of nucleotides? | phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base |
| What are the 2 types of nitrogenous bases? | purines, pyrimidines |
| These nitrogenous bases have a larger, 2-ring structure, and the 2 types are A and T. | purines |
| These nitrogenous bases have a 1-ring structure, and the 3 types are T, C, and U. | pyrimidines |
| What chemical reaction is involved in joining the monomers of nucleic acids? | condensation |
| This type of bond is made up of the phosphate group of one monomer bound to the sugar to form the sugar-phosphate backbone. | phosphodiester bridge |
| This end of the nucleic acid has a free phosphate group. | 5' end |
| This end of the nucleic acid has a free OH group. | 3' end |
| What are the types of RNA? | mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, miRNA, siRNA |
| This type of RNA is transcribed from DNA and is read to build proteins. | mRNA |
| This type of RNA is used as adapter to add amino acids to the polypeptide in protein synthesis. | tRNA |
| This type of RNA is used to build ribosomes. | rRNA |
| These types of RNA are involved in gene silencing. | miRNA, siRNA |
| This type of macromolecule is used as an energy source and for storage, and also for structure in some cells. | polysaccharides |
| What are the 3 structural types of polysaccharides? | monosaccharids, disaccharides, polysaccharides |
| What are monosaccharides? | simple sugars |
| This type of monosaccharide has an aldehyde group at the end. | aldosugar |
| This type of monosaccharide has a carbonyl group within the molecule (not on an end). | ketosugar |
| What are disaccharides? | monosaccharides covalently linked by glycosidic bonds |
| What chemical reaction is involved in building disaccharides? | condensation |
| What are 3 common disaccharides? | maltose, lactose, sucrose |
| This disaccharide is made up of 2 alpha glucoses bound by an alpha glycosidic bond. | maltose |
| This disaccharide is maed up of a beta glucose bound to a beta galactose by a beta glycosidic bond. | lactose |
| This disaccharide is made up of an alpha glucose bound to a beta fructose by an alpha glycosidic bond. | sucrose |
| What are the 2 common types of storage polysaccharides? | starch, glycogen |
| What is a common structural polysaccharide. | cellulose |
| This type of starch is an unbranched molecule. | amylose |
| This type of starch is a highly branched molecule. | amylopectin |
| What are lipids used for? | storage and structure |
| What are the 6 main classes of lipids? | fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids, steroids, terpenes |
| This type of lipid is the building block for other types of lipids. | fatty acids |
| This type of lipid is important in membrane structure. | phospholipids |
| This type of lipid is involved in cell-cell recognition and cell identification. | glycolipids |
| This type of lipid is found in lipid rafts. | shpingolipids |
| This type of lipid is found in hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, estrogens, and testosterones. | steroids |
| This type of lipid is found in vitamin A, caratenoid pigments, coenzyme Q, and plastoquinone. | terpenes |
| This type of lipid is made by condensation reactions. | triglycerides |
| This type of cell has a membrane-bound nucleus that contains most of the cell's DNA. | eukaryotic |
| This type of cell does not have a nucleus, and instead stores its DNA in a nucleoid. | prokaryotic |
| This type of transport does not use energy. | diffusion |
| This type of transport uses energy. | active transport |
| What is energy? | the capacity to cause change |
| What is bioenergetics? | the flow of energy through a living system |
| What are the 6 kinds of cellular work? | synthetic, mechanical, concentration, electrical, heat, bioluminescence |
| This type of cellular work is involved in biosyntheisis, or the growth and maintenance of cells. | synthetic work |
| This type of cellular work is physical work that changes the location or orientation of the cell. | mechanical work |
| This type of cellular work is involved in the movement of molecules across membranes against their gradients. | concentration work |
| This type of cellular work is involved in moving ions across membranes against their electrical gradients which creates membrane voltage. | electrical work |
| This type of cellular work is used by homeotherms to use energy to produce heat in oreder to maintain their internal temperature. | heat work |
| This type of cellular work is involved in the production of light. | bilouminescence work |
| What is a photoautotroph? | it uses solar energy to make their own organic compounds from CO2 |
| What is a photoheterotroph? | it uses solar energy but also needs outside organic sources |
| What is a chemoautotroph? | it oxidizes inorganic compounds for energy and synthesizes its own organic compounds from CO2 |
| What is a chemoautotroph? | it consumes and uses compounds for both energy and carbon sources |
| What is oxidation? | the removal of electrons/H and addition of O bonds |
| What is reduction? | the removal of O bonds and addition of electrons/H |
| What is the first law of thermodynamics? | energy can be transferred and transformed, but never created or destroyed |
| What is the second law of thermodynamics? | all physical or chemical change leans towards increasing the entropy of the universe |
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