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BIOL 106 Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does Arthropoda mean? | Jointed Appendages |
| What type of coelom do Arthropods have? | Eucoelom |
| Are Arthropods Protostomes or Dueterostomes? | Protostomes |
| What is Tagmosis? | The fusion and specialization of segments to give rise to body regions. |
| What are the body regions called after Tagmosis has occured? | Tagma/Tagmata |
| What is the name of the region formed by the fusion of the head and thorax? | Cephalothorax |
| What is the exoskeleton of Arthropods made out of? | Chiton |
| What is Ecdysis? | The periodic shedding and replacement of the exoskeleton. |
| What are the 5 steps involved in Ecdysis? | 1) Enzymes are secreted between the exoskeleton and epidermis 2) Animal puffs out soft tissues 3) New exoskeleton is secreted under the old exoskeleton 4) Animal steps out of exoskeleton 5) Animal allows for the new exoskeleton to harden |
| What type of circulatory system do Arthropods have? | Open Circulatory System |
| What are the two components of the general Arthropod nervous system? | 1) Brain made of fused ganglia 2) Ventral nerve cord |
| What are the three main Subphyla of Phylum Arthropoda? | 1) Subphylum Chelicerata 2) Subphylum Crustacea 3) Subphylum Hexapoda |
| What are the two main class of Subphylum Chelicerata? | 1) Class Merostomata 2) Class Arachnida |
| Which organisms are included in Class Merostomata? | Horseshoe Crabs |
| Which organisms are included in Class Arachnida? | Spiders, scorpions and ticks |
| What is the anterior region of a Chelicerate called? | The Cephalothorax |
| What is the posterior region of a Chelicerate called? | The Abdomen |
| What are the Chelicerae? | The first set of appendages on a Chelicerate used for manipulation of prey and prey capture |
| What are the pedipalps? | The second set of appendages on a Chelicerate used for tactile sensing |
| What are the two specialized functions of pedipalps in spiders? | 1) reproduction 2) sensing |
| What are the Chelicerae in spiders? | Fangs |
| What are the two types of fangs? | 1) Ancestral: fangs that move up and down 2) Derived: fangs that move side to side |
| What are the two ways in which respiration can occur in Chelicerates? | 1) Book Lungs 2) Spiracles and Tracheae |
| What are the subdivisions of Book Lungs called? | Lamellae |
| What are Book Lungs bathed in? | Hemocoelic Fluid |
| What are the 3 steps of respiration by Spiracles and Tracheae? | 1) Air enters through a spiracle 2) Air moves through a system of branching tubes that get narrower and narrower 3) Gas exchange occurs at the narrowest tips of the tracheae with tissues and cells |
| What are the two components of a Chelicerates toxin? | 1) neurotoxins 2) digestive enzymes |
| What is the function of neurotoxins? | Paralysis of prey |
| What is the function of digestive enzymes? | Break Down of Prey |
| Why must spiders do to their prey in order to consume it? | Liquefy their Prey |
| What does a spider use to "drink" their prey? | the Septorial Pharynx |
| What are the two general styles of hunting in spiders? | 1) Sedentary Style 2) Active Style |
| What organisms are included in the Order Salticidae? | Jumping Spiders |
| What are the five steps involved in feeding in Jumping Spiders? | 1) Stalking prey 2) Jumping on prey 3) Wrapping prey in silk 4) Injecting prey with venom to liquefy prey 5) Consuming liquefied prey |
| What are the five steps involved in feeding in Sedentary Spiders? | 1) Spider builds web out of silk 2) Prey runs into web and vibrates web 3) Spider locates prey and wraps it in silk 4) Spider injects prey with venom to liquefy prey 5) Spider consumes liquefied prey |
| What are the three sections of the Chelicerate digestive tract? | 1) Foregut 2) Midgut 3) Hindgut |
| What is the Foregut of a Chelicerate? | The pumping organ |
| What is the Hindgut of a Chelicerate? | The Rectum and Anus |
| What is the Midgut of a Cheliecerate? | The Stomach and Intestine lined with seca |
| What is the name of the protein silk is made of? | Fibroin |
| Where is silk released? | Spinnerets |
| What state is silk in when it is released and after it has been released? | It comes out as a liquid and solidifies in the air |
| What c?ontrols the thickness and texture of silk | Spools and Spigots |
| What type of Circulatory System do Chelicerates have? | Open Circulatory System |
| What are Malphighian Tubules? | slender, branching tubules that originate between the midgut and hindgut that are involved in excretion and osmoregulation |
| How does excretion and osmoregulation occur in Chelicerates? | 1) Waste is deposited into the tubules by the blood 2) waste is removed by the gut and exits through the anus |
| Are Chelicerates hermaphroditic or separately sexed? | Separately sexed |
| How is sperm transferred in Chelicerates? | Spermatophore |
| Is fertilization internal or external in Chelicates? | Internal |
| What type of developments do Chelicerates have? | Direct Development |
| What organisms are included in Subphylum Crustacea? | Shrimps, Lobsters, Crabs and Crayfish |
| What are the two main body regions of Crustaceans? | 1) Cephalothorax 2) Abdomen |
| What is the carapace of Crustaceans? | A "shield" that encloses the first two body regions |
| What type of appendages do Crustaceans have? | Jointed, biramous appendages |
| What is the form of respiration for aquatic Crustaceans? | Gills |
| What is the form of respiration for terrestrial Crustaceans? | pseuotracheae |
| What type of circulatory system do Crustaceans have? | Open Circulatory System |
| What are the two respiratory pigments of Crustaceans? | 1) Hemoglobin 2) Hemocyanin |
| What two structures are used for excretion in Crustaceans? | 1) Metanephridia 2) Gills |
| How is mastication achieved in Crustaceans? | Gastric teeth in the cardiac stomach |
| What are the three components of the Crustacean nervous system? | 1) Brain 2) Ventral Nerve Cord 3) Segmental Ganglia |
| What are the 4 sensory structures that Crustaceans have? | 1) setae 2) chemoreceptors 3) statocysts 4) Compound or simple eyes |
| What distinguishes members of Class Decapoda? | 10 pairs of walking legs |
| What is the name of the first pair of walking legs in Crawfish? | Chelipeds |
| What are the 2 functions of the Uropod and Telson? | 1) locomotion 2) protection |
| What are two structures used for tactile and chemosensory in Crawfish? | 1) Antenules 2) Antennae |
| What are 3 structures used for the manipulation of food in Crawfish? | 1) Mandibles 2) Maxillae 3) Maxillapeds |
| What are 3 structures used for locomotion in Crawfish? | 1) Walking legs 2) Swimmerets 3) Telson and Uropod |
| What is the difference between male and female Crawfish? | In males, the swimmerets are used for the transfer of a spermatophore In females, the swimmerets are used for brooding |
| What is two differences between the abdomen of Crafish and Crabs? | 1) In crawfish, the abdomen is well developed, in crabs it is highly reduced 2) The abdomen in crawfish can be seen dorsally and ventrally, in crabs it can only be seen ventrally |
| What is the difference between the eyes of crawfish and crabs? | In crawfish, the eyes project dorsally In crabs, the eyes project anteriorly |
| What is the difference in locomotion in crawfish and crabs? | In crawfish, locomotion is forward and backward In Crabs, locomotion is side to side |
| What is the difference between the antennae of crawfish and crabs? | In crawfish, the antennae are very long In crabs, the antenna are very short |
| What is the difference of the abdomen in male and female crabs? | Females have a wider and rounder abdomen for brooding Males have a narrower abdomen |
| What organisms are included in Order Stomatopoda? | Mantis Shrimp |
| What are the two types of specialized appendages used by Mantis Shrimp? | 1) Spearing appendages 2) Smashing appendages |
| What organisms are included in Order Cirripedia? | Barnacles |
| What is the difference in locomotion of barnacle larvae and adults? | Larvae are motile Adults are sessile |
| What is the shell of barnacles made of? | Calcium Carbonate |
| Which Class of organisms has the greatest number of species? | Insects |
| What are the 4 forms of mouth parts in insects? | 1) Chewing Mouth Parts 2) Sucking Mouth Parts 3) Lapping Mouth Parts 4) Lapping with Piercing Mouth Parts |
| What are the 5 mouth parts of a grasshopper? | 1) Mandibles 2) Maxillae 3) Palps 4) Labium 5) Labrum |
| What is the function of mandibles in grasshoppers? | Chewing |
| What is the function of maxillae in grasshoppers? | Manipulation of food |
| What is the function of palps in grasshoppers? | Tactile sensory |
| What is the function of the labium in grasshoppers? | Feeding, lower lip structure |
| What is the function of the labrum in grasshoppers? | Feeding and protection of the mouth, upper lip structure |
| What are the three regions of a grasshoppers body? | 1) Head 2) Thorax 3) Abdomen |
| What are the two functions of the head of grasshoppers? | 1) Sensory 2) Feeding |
| What is the function of the thorax in grasshoppers? | Locomotion |
| What are the three functions of the abdomen in grasshoppers? | 1) Respiration 2) Elimination of Waste 3) Reproduction |
| What are the two steps of upward movement of insect wings? | 1) contraction of vertical muscles 2) depression of tergum |
| What are the three steps of downward movement of insect wings? | 1) contraction of longitudinal muscles 2) relaxation of vertical muscles 3) restoration of tergum |
| What are elytra? | Modified pair of wings that form dorsal plates to cover functional wings |
| What are three wingless insects? | 1) aphids 2) lice 3) bed bugs |
| What does it mean to be primitively wingless? | The ancestors never had wings, so they have no wings |
| What does it mean to be secondarily wingless? | The ancestors had wings, but they lack wings in favor of a different morphology |
| What are the 8 components of the insect digestive tract? | 1) mouth 2) pharynx 3) esophagus 4) proventriculus 5) midgut 6) intestine 7) rectum 8) anus |
| What type of circulatory system do insects have? | Open circulatory system |
| What is the structure used for respiration in larval insects? | Gills |
| What is the structure used for respiration in adult insects? | Tracheae |
| What is the structure used for excretion and osmoregulation in insects? | Malphigian Tubules |
| What are the three components of the sensory system of insects? | 1) Antennae 2) Cerci 3) Tympanic Membrane |
| What is the function of antennae in insects? | chemosensory, tactile sensing |
| What is the function of cerci in insects? | Detects pressure changes in the air |
| What is the function of the tympanic membrane of insects? | Hearing |
| What is anal trophyllaxis? | Feeding from the anus |
| What is sperm competition? | When the last sperm introduced fertilizes the egg |
| What are 3 techniques to counter sperm competition? | 1) Mate Guarding 2) Sperm Scoop 3) Mating Plug |
| What is mate guarding? | When the male guards the female to ensure his sperm is the one used for fertilization. |
| What is sperm scooping? | When an insect scoops out the sperm of the female and then releases his own sperm into the female |
| What is a mating plug? | When an insect inserts a plug into the female in order to prevent more sperm from being introduced |
| What is parthenogenesis? | When a viable embryo arises without fertilization |
| What is hemimetabolous development? | When no larval form is present and the young look like the adults |
| What is homometabolous development? | When there is a larval form present and it looks nothing like the adult |
| What are veiraform larvae? | Worm-like larvae |
| What four groups of animals are included in Phylum Chordata? | 1) Fish 2) Amphibians 3) Reptiles 4) Mammals |
| What are the four general characteristics of Chordates? | 1) Notocord 2) Pharyngeal Slits 3) Dorsal Nerve Cord 4) Post-Anal Tail |
| What type of symmetry do Chordates exhibit? | Bilateral Symmetry |
| What are the two general characteristics of Vertebrates? | 1) Cranium 2) Vertebral Column |
| What organisms are included in Class Agnatha? | Lampreys and Hagfish |
| What organisms are included in Class Chondricthyes? | Sharks, rays and skates |
| What organisms are included in Class Osteichthyes? | Bony Fishes |
| What is the difference in scales between sharks and perch? | Sharks have placoid scales Perch have ctenoid scales |
| What is the difference in mouth between sharks and perch? | Sharks have a subterminal mouth Perch have a terminal mouth |
| What is the difference in rostrums between sharks and perch? | Sharks have a pointed rostrum Perch have no rostrum |
| What is the difference in gill coverings between sharks and perch? | Sharks have no gill coverings Perch have an operculum that covers the gills |
| What is the difference in tail fins between sharks and perch? | Sharks have a heterocercal tail Perch have a homocercal tail |
| What is the difference in buoyancy between sharks and perch? | Sharks must keep swimming to maintain buoyancy Perch have a swim bladder to maintain buoyancy |
| What is the difference in the skeleton of sharks and perch? | Sharks have a cartilagenous skeleton Perch have a bony skeleton |
| What is the difference in the digestive tract between sharks and perch? | Sharks have a spiral valve Perch have no spiral valve |
| What are the 6 feeding ecologies of fish? | 1) Carnivores 2) Herbivores 3) Filter Feeders 4) Omnivores 5) Scavengers 6) Parasites |
| What type of circulatory system do fish have? | Close circulatory system |
| How many chambers does the heart of a fish have? | 2 Chambers |
| Where are the kidneys located in fish? | On each side of the vertebral column |
| What are the three components of the shark nervous system? | 1) Large olfactory lobes 2) Small optic lobes 3) Lateral line system |
| What are the three components of the perch nervous system? | 1) small olfactory lobes 2) Large optic lobes 3) Lateral line system |
| What is the function of the lateral line system? | Sensing pressure changes in the water |
| What structure do sharks use to achieve electrorecepetion? | Ampullary organ of Lorenzini |
| What three groups of animals are Tetrapods? | 1) Amphibians 2) Reptiles 3) Mammals |
| What are Tetrapods? | Animals whose ancestors had 4 weight bearing limbs |
| What distinguishes members of Clade Gnathostoma? | Presence of a jaw |
| What three orders are included in Clade Lissamphibia? | 1) Order Anura 2) Order Urodela 3) Order Apoda |
| What is the function of serous glands? | They secrete toxins |
| What type of circulatory system do Amphibians have? | Closed circulatory system |
| How many chambers does the amphibian heart have? | 3 chambers, 2 atria and 1 ventricle |
| What is the advantage of having more chambers in the heart? | Better separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood |
| What are the four steps in the path of blood flow in the Amphibian heart? | 1) Blood enters into the Atria, deoxygenated blood into the right atrium, oxygenated blood into the left atrium 2) Both atria contract 3) blood rushes into the ventricle 4) contraction of ventricle pushes blood into arteries |
| What are three forms of respiration in Amphibians? | 1) Skins 2) Gills 3) Lungs |
| What are the two steps of air being pushed into the lungs of Amphibians? | 1) Air is pushed into the glottis by lowering the floor of the mouth and then raising it to push air into the lungs 2) Air is exhaled by muscular contractions of the body wall and recoil of the lungs |
| What structure is used by Amphibians to capture prey? | The tongue |
| What is the function of the teeth in Amphibians? | Holding prey |
| What are the three regions of the Amphibian brain? | 1) Forebrain 2) Midbrain 3) Hindbrain |
| What is the function of the forebrain in Amphibians? | Smell |
| What is the function of the midbrain in Amphibians? | Vision |
| What is the function of the hindbrain in Amphibians? | Hearing and Balance |
| What are the four components of the Amphibian sensory system? | 1) Ears 2) Eyes 3) Taste buds 4) Smell |
| What is reproduction tied to in Amphibians? | The Water |
| What type of fertilization do Anurans have? | External fertilization |
| What type of fertilization do Urodeles have? | Internal fertilization by a spermatophore |
| What is the larval form of an Anuran called? | A Tadpole |
| What is the larval form of a Urodele called? | An Eft |
| What is peadomorphosis? | The retention of larval characteristics in the adult form |
| Which two groups of organisms are amniotes? | Reptiles and Mammals |
| What characterizes amniotes? | The presence of an amniotic egg |
| What is the advantage of an amniotic egg? | It free animals from returning to water for reproduction and development |
| What are the four membranes of the amniotic egg? | 1) Amnion 2) Yolk Sac 3) Allantois 4) Chorion |
| What are the three function of the amnion? | 1) Protects and moistens the embryo 2) Holds the amniotic fluid 3) Cushions the embryo as the egg moves |
| What is the function of the yolk sac? | nourishment for the embryo |
| What is the function of the allantois? | Collects waste from the embryo |
| What is the function of the chorion? | Respiration |
| What are anapsids? | Organisms who lack temporal openings in the skull |
| What are diapsids? | Organisms with a pair of temporal openings on both sides of the skull |
| What are scales derived from? | The Epidermis |
| What are scales made of? | Keratin |
| What are two accessory structures made of keratin? | 1) Horns 2) Beaks |
| What type of skeleton do reptiles have? | Bony skeleton |
| What is a kinetic jaw? | Jaws that are not interlocked with one another |
| How many chambers does the reptile heart have? | 3 chambers |
| How many chambers does the hearts of birds and crocodiles have? | 4 chambers |
| What are the sub units of the reptile lung called? | Faveoli |
| What are the sub units of the bird lung called? | Parabranchi |
| Which group of organisms has the most efficient respiration? | Birds |
| What are the sub units of the crocodile lung? | Alveoli |
| What are the four components of the reptile sensory system? | 1) pit organs 2) ears 3)eyes 4) vemeronasal organs |
| What are pit organs? | Heat sensing structures |
| What are vemeronasal organs? | Chemosensory structures |
| What is a hemipene? | A forked penis |
| What is the function of the spines on a hemipene? | Attaches the penis to the inside of the female to allow sperm transfer without interruption since it takes hours for this process |
| What does it mean to be oviparous? | The organism lays eggs |
| What does it mean to be ovoviviparous? | Live birth but with no placental connection |
| What are synapsids? | Organisms with one temporal opening on each side of the skull |
| What are 10 unifying characteristics of mammals? | 1) Hair made of keratin 2) sweat glands 3) mammary glands 4) musk glands 5) sebaceous glands 6) diaphragm 7) enucleated red blood cells 8) warm-blooded 9)pinnae 10) heterodont dentition |
| What are four types of hair in mammals? | 1) guard hairs 2) underfur 3) whiskers 4) quills |
| What are six function of hair in mammals? | 1)protection 2)insulation 3)sensory 4)communication 5)camouflage 6)aid in locomotion |
| What are eccrine glands? | Secrete watery sweat |
| What are apocrine glands? | secrete milky sweat |
| What is the function of mammary glands? | nutrition for young |
| What are musk glands? | produce odorous substances |
| What are the three functions of musk glands? | 1) marking territory 2) reproduction 3) defense |
| What are the two function of the sebaceous glands? | 1) keeps hair shiny 2) moistens hair and epidermis |
| What is the function of the diaphragm? | Respiration |
| What does enucleated mean? | Removal of the nucleus of the cell during maturation |
| What does it mean to be warm-blooded? | Constant monitoring of internal temperature via skin and hypothalamus |
| What is the function of pinnae? | Focuses sounds waves into the ear opening |
| What is heterodont dentition? | Having teeth of different shape, size and function |
| What are the three characteristics of an insectivores digestive tract? | 1) simple stomach 2) short intestine 3) no cecum |
| What are the three characteristics of a non-ruminant herbivore? | 1) simple stomach 2) long intestine 3) large cecum |
| What are the three characteristics of a ruminant herbivore? | 1) complex stomach 2) large intestine 3) large cecum |
| What are the three characteristics of a carnivore? | 1) simple stomach 2) short intestine 3) short cecum |
| What are two examples of insectivores? | 1) ant eaters 2) hedgehogs |
| What is an example of a non-ruminant herbivore? | Horses |
| What are two examples of ruminant herbivores? | 1) cows 2) sheep |
| What are three examples of carnivores? | 1) coyotes 2) tigers 3) dogs |
| What are the two function of a long intestine? | 1) breaking down cellulose 2) greater surface area for absorption |
| What are the two functions of the cecum? | 1) fermentation 2) absorption |
| What is the cecum in humans? | The appendix |
| How many chambers does the mammal heart have? | 4 chambers |
| What are the two steps of respiration through the use of a diaphragm? | 1) when the diaphragm contracts, air is drawn into the lungs 2) When the diaphragm relaxes, air is pushed out of the lung |
| What is the site of oxygen pick up in the mammal lung? | Alveoli |
| What are the three main senses of mammals? | 1) hearing 2) seeing 3) smell |
| What is the working unit of mammal kidneys? | The Nephron |
| What are the four structures associated with the female reproductive system of mammals? | 1) ovary 2) oviducts 3) uterus 4) vagina |
| What are the four structures associated with the male reproductive system of mammals? | 1) testes 2) vas deferens 3) urethra 4) penis |
| What is vivipary? | Live birth where the young is attached to the mother by a placenta |
| What is ovipary? | When the young are born very young, and then attach to a nipple held in the pouch to continue development |
| What is polygamy? | When one male organism has many female mates |
| What is monogamy? | When on male organism has on female mate |
| What does it mean to be promiscuous? | When an organism does not stay with any mate for its life. |
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