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Micro test one
Test one material
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Microbiology | study of organisms too small to be seen w/o magnification. except fungi & mushrooms the study of life on planet earth |
| Why are Microorganisms important? | They are important in energy flow through ecosystems important in disease |
| how old are microorganisms? | 3 billion years old |
| how do humans use microorganisms? | insulin, antibiotics, drivers of evolution-who survives, and who don't, they are good, w/o them life could not exist |
| What are Cells? | the fundamental units of life, they come from preexisting cells all living things come from cells all cells are not the same |
| what are the two categories of cells (all living things can be classifide as either of these) | Prokaryotic Cells, Eukaryotic Cells |
| What are the 3 features of Eukaryotes? | They have a nucleus, organelles & genetic material divided among chromosones All the cells in our body except red blood cells |
| What are the 3 features of Prokaryotes? | no nucleus no organelles no genetic material (bacteria) |
| What are the features of bacteria? | Bacteria are prokaryotic cells, |
| what are the two groups of bacteria? | archaebacteria, eubacteria |
| What are the characteristics of archaebacteria | they are old bacteria and live in hellish environments, like hot springs, and places w high temps and low ph. not relevant to us! |
| What are the characteristics of eubacteria | the true bacteria, they have a molecule in their cell wall called peptidoglycan from now on Eubacteria = bacteria |
| Describe peptidoglycan | if peptidoglycan is in the cell wall,the cell is a true bacteria |
| What is a coccus? | A coccus is a round shaped bacteria |
| what is a bacillus? | Bacillus is a rod shaped bacteria |
| What is a spirillum? | A spiral shaped bacteria cannot form chains or clusters, they are off by themselves |
| What are uses of bacteria shapes and arrangements | allows you to divide the bacterial world into thirds, diagnostically eliminating 66% of bacteria |
| Describe streptococci | A long chain of round shaped bacteria ex. strep throat strepto=chains |
| Describe staphococcis | A round, grape shaped bacteria ex. mrsa, staph infections staphylo=grapelike clusters |
| Describe diplococci | two round shaped bacteria ex. gonorrhoae diplo=pairs |
| Describe strephylobaccili | long chain of rods |
| Describe bacillus anthracis | anthrax A rod shaped bacteria |
| what are the 3 big bacteria? | coccus,bacillus spirillum |
| Describe bacteria structures | They allow us to understand how and why bacteria do what they do |
| What is glycocalyx | a generic term for a sugar coat |
| What is the slime layer | loosly organized, no repeating pattern, easily removed structure that loosly binds to cell wall |
| What is a capsule | highly organized groups of sugars, tightly attached to bacteria,have to kill bacteria to remove it |
| What is the function of glycocalyx | It is an energy reserve, stores sugar on the outside- sugar attracts water, escape phagocytosis, pathogenic mechanism |
| What is flagellum? | a structure that provides motility, it enables bacteria to move through the environment filament, hook, motor |
| how do bacteria know where to go? | run, tumble, repeat to fine tune its movements toward attractant. Bacteria do not move in straight lines. |
| What is chemotaxis | bacteria either run toward or away from chemicals |
| positive chemotaxis | bacteria run & tumble toward attractant |
| negative chemotaxis | bacteria run and tumble away from repellant |
| pili structure | hair like structures that stick out they are attachment structures |
| sex pili | some bacteria make this used in bacterial sex long, rigid, hollow, tube- transmits genetic material from bacteria to bacteria |
| conjugation | the process of bacterial sex |
| What are the groups of microorganisms? | Viruses (the smallest), bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae |
| what are helminths | worms |
| what are arthropods | insects |
| what are the two names cellular organisms are referred to? | genus, species |
| what is the germ theory of disease? | microorganisms (germs) can invade other organisms and ccause disease. |
| what is the cell theory? | cells are the fundamental units of life |
| describe algae | photosynthetic large cells that rarely cause human disease |
| describe bacteria | single celled non nucleated microorganisms |
| describe fungi | multicellular nucleated microorganism that has branching filaments |
| describe protozoa | large, single celled nucleated microorganisms |
| describe viruses | acellular entities that require a host for multiplication |
| describe helminths | parasitic worms |
| What is a cell wall? | a structure that lies outside the cell membrane in nearly all bacteria-it prevents cell from bursting, and maintains shape of cell, it contains peptidoglycan |
| What is peptidoglycan composed of? | peptides and sugars, organized in a highly structured way it resembles multiple layers of a chain link fence |
| Describe the carbohydrate backbone of the cell wall | made of 2 types of sugar: N-acetyl gulcosamine (NAG) and N-accetyl muramic acid (NAM)which are glucose dirivatives and are hooked together nag...nam...nag...nam attached to each NAM is a tetra peptide chain w amino acids hanging on |
| What is a function of the cell wall? | It divides bacteria into 2 groups based on what kind of cell wall they have...gram+, or gram- |
| What are gram + characteristics? | Bacteria that has a lot of peptidoglycan and other compounds and molecules that are unique to gram+ |
| What are gram- characteristics? | bacteria w little peptidoglycan presence <15% of outter membrane. they have an outer membrane that surrounds the cell wall which is a phospholipid bilayer that contains lipopolysacchride- very complex |
| Importance of gram +/- | Diagnostically important b/c you can eliminate 50% of possibilities |
| Name and describe the two portions of LPS- lipopolysaccharides | Lipid A: toxic to mammalian cells, by itself it can lead to shock, it will kill you (gram- bacterial infection O Antigen: E. Coli O157, The O is the 157th variant of the O antigen |
| How do you treat a gram- bacterial infection? | Give patient antibiotic that will slow the growth of the bacteria, if you kill the bacteria, it will burst and release LPS- which will kill the patient! |
| How do you treat a patient w a gram+ bacterial infection? | you dont have to worry about LPS, or outer membrane, a good target to go after is peptidoglycan-the major component of the cell wall, treat w penicillin & dirivatives |
| What are endospores? | Another structure of bacteria |
| Characteristics of endospores? | Not all Bacteria make them, they are survival structures, they can suspend their metabolic activity. they are hard to kill and live for years and years and years... |
| What endospores mean to us? | they are a constant source of contamination, Ex. c diff= clostridium difficile bacteria, puncture wounds and tetnus, bacillus anthrax, costridium botulinum |
| Characteristics of viruses? | they do not grow, obligate intracellular parasites, if there is a cell, there is a virus to infect it. |
| name some human viral diseases | HIV, influenza, SARS, polio, yellow fever |
| structures of the virus | fairly simple, composed of a piece of genetic material, ss dna, ds dna, ss rna, ds rna, its one or the other, dna, or rna, ds or ss |
| what is the virus made up of? | genetic material, capsid (protein shell)some are envelope viruses |
| what are envelope viruses made up of? | genetic material, capsid, envelope (cell membrane)spike proteins ex. herpes virus |
| what is a narrow host range virus? | a virus that can only infect one or a couple cell types ex. influenza virus will not infect a red blood cell |
| what is a broad host range virus? | a virus that can infect a wider range of cell types ex. rabies virus |
| how do viruses know what cells to infect? | viruses identify cellw w/ the correct receptor for the virus, they have evolved to attach to the receptor |
| what do receptors do? | receptors determine which cells viruses can get into |
| what is influenza? | Influenza is a respiratory disease, there is no such thing as a stomache flu, influenza cannot attach to stomache cells |
| What are the steps in the viral life cycle? | Attachment, penetration, uncoating, replication, exit |
| What happens in the attachment step? | the virus attaches to its target cell N.V use capsid proteins to attach to cell E.V. spike proteins are used to attach to cell, these proteins bind to the receptor on the target cell |
| What happens in the penetration stage? | The virus enters the cell. NV receptor mediated endcytocis-this process brings the virus into the cell EV fusion, envelope and cell membrane (melt into) |
| What happens in the uncoating stage? | the capsid is broken down and as it breaks down, it releases genetic material into the cell |
| What happens during the replication stage? | the virus begins to pirate the cells metaolic machinery the virus makes copies of itself |
| What happens in the exit stage? | The virus exits the cell Naked Virus exits via lyse- replicates until the host cell blows up EV exits through budding- a gradual release, the host cell survives |
| What are the five ways viral infections are classified? | acute infections, late complications, chronic infection, latent infection, slow infection |
| descrive oncogenes | about % of canccers are due to viral infections they either inhibit cell growth, or tell it to grow grow grow. |
| What are the 3 big groups of MO? | Fungi, Protozoa, Worms |
| Describe Fungi | Of 100,000 species, only 100 are known to cause disease, detrimental to agriculture, beneficial; antibiotics, food, plant growth recycle nutrients in eco systems |
| Where can you fnd fungi? | in low pH areas, high osmotic stress areas, low N2 environments, acid environments |
| What are the two categories of fungi? | Macroscopic fungi (molds grows in colder environments) Microscopic fungi(yeast, grows in warmer environments) |
| Explain thermal dimorphism | mold can grow as yeast and vise versa depending on temperature |
| Explain microscopic fungi (Yeast) | eukaryotic cells,chitin in cell wall, a lobster shell is hard due to chitin, unicellular, relpicates via budding |
| Explain macroscopic fungi (Molds) | you can see it w/o a microscope, the building block is the threadlike cell called hyphae. It builds via hyphae, mycelium, then thallus. They are saprophytic- it secretes its digestive enzymes out into the environment |
| What is hyphea? | the building blocks of mold,it forms an interlocking mass never see it b/c it is buried in the dead and decaying organic matter |
| How do fungi reproduce? | yeast bud, mold alternate generations of reproducing asexually and sexually |
| What are fungal spores? | reproductive strutures of fungi the basis for fungal classification |
| what are the 4 groups of fungal reproductive structures? | zygomycota-reproduce a zygospore that goes into the environment Ascomycota- Basidiomycota, dueteromycota |
| Describe protists | unicellular or multicellular, eukaryotic organisms, found in aquatic environments and require water, complex cell walls and life cycle |
| Describe plant like protistans | they have chlorophyll and can photosynthesize, ex. algae, they are hearty, major O2 producers |
| Describe animal like protistans | Protozoa, eukaryotic cells w organelles, they consume other microscopic organisms, most live in soil |
| What are the 4 groups of protozoa (based on how they move) | flagellates, amoeboid,ciliates, apicomplexans |
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