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Biological Sci.Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When did Darwin publish his famous book? | November 24,1859 |
| What was the name of Darwin's book? | On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection |
| Contemporary species arose from a succession of ancestors through a process of "descent with modification." | One main concept of Darwin's book |
| A mechanism for how life evolves: natural selection. | One main concept of Darwin's book |
| A process in which organism's with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce that are individuals with other traits. | Natural Selection |
| A group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time. | Population |
| A population's increase in the frequency of traits suited to the environment. | Evolutionary Adaptation |
| Ex: Camouflage of animals within their environment. | Evolutionary Adaptation |
| The genetic composition of the population that has changed over time. | Evolution |
| Species are fixed and do not evolve. This idea began with Aristotle and dominated the Western world for centuries. | pre-Darwinian idea of fixed species |
| Imprints or remains of organisms that lived in the past. | Fossils |
| Lamarck's explanation for the relationship between fossils. | Life evolves. |
| Lamarck's explanation for how species evolve. | By using or not using body parts, an individual may develop certain traits that it passes on to its offspring. Acquired traits are inherited. This has proven to be incorrect. |
| Survey ship HMS Beagle prepared for avoyae around the world. Sailed from Great Britain in Dec.1831. Main mission was to chart poorly known stretches of the South American coastline. | Voyage of the Beagle |
| Where are the Galapagos? | Young volcanic islands about 540 miles off the Pacific Coast of South America. |
| Why did Darwin spend time in the Galapagos? | Most of the animals that inhabited the remote islands are found nowhere else in the world, but they resemble species living on the South American mainland. |
| Darwin's phrase for evolution. | Descent with modification |
| Captured the idea that ancestral species could diversify into many descendant species by the accumulation of different adaptations to various environments. | Descent with modification |
| A British naturalist doing field work in Indonesia who developed a theory almost identical to Darwin's. | Alfred Wallace |
| How does fossil record support evolution? | Fossil records reveal the appearance of organisms in a historical sequence. A series of transitional fossils provides evidence that links the past and present showing how some animals have descended from others. |
| Why are older fossils generally deeper in rock layers than younger fossils? | Sedementation places younger rock layers on top of older ones. |
| 3.5 Billion years ago; prokaryotes | The oldest known fossils. |
| The study of fossils. | Paleontology |
| Geographic distribution of species. | Biogeography |
| The comparison of body structures in different species. | Comparitive Anatomy |
| Certain anatomical similarities among species are signs of evolutionary history. | Comparitive Anatomy |
| The similarity in structure due to common ancestry. | Homology |
| Remnants of features that served important functions in the organism's ancestors. | Vestigial Structures |
| Comparing of early stages of development in different animal species. | Comparitive Embryology |
| This reveals additional homologies not visible in adult organisms. | Comparitive Embryology |
| The molecular comparison between diverse organisms. It can use DNA to compare the relationship of ancestors. | Molecular Biology |
| Natural Selection Observation 1 | Overproduction & Competition |
| Natural Selection Observation 2 | Individual Variation |
| Natural Selection Conclusion | Unequal reproductive success |
| Overproduction & Competition | All species have the potential to produce many more offspring that the environment can support. This makes a struggle for existence. |
| Individual Variation | Individuals in a population may vary in many heritable traits. |
| Unequal reproductive success | Those individuals with heritable traits best suited to the local environment generally leave a larger share of surviving, fertile offspring. |
| By spraying crops with poisons to kill insect pests, there has been a reproductive success of insects with resistance to the poisons. Additional applications of the same pesticide will be less effective and the population of resistant insects will grow. | Evolution of pesticide resistance. |
| Pesticides cause pesticide resistant insects. True or False | FALSE |
| An environmental factor does not create new traits but favors traits that are already represented in the population. True or False | TRUE |
| Predation drives the evolution of horn length in lizards. True or False | TRUE |
| Horn lenth is an adaptation that is evolving in response to predation by birds. True or False | TRUE |
| How many mass extinctions have been recorded the past half billion years? | FIVE |
| How many species have become extinct the past 400 years? | more than 1,000 |
| How many times is this extinction rate more than that in fossil record? | 100 to 1,000 times |
| Who is causing this 6th mass extinction? | Humans |
| What are the long term consequences of mass extinctions? | They can pave the way for the evolution of many diverse species from a common ancestor. Life on earth may take millions of years to recover. |
| The major changes in history of life. | Macroevoloution |
| Four consequences of macroevolution. | Origin of new species, evolutionary novelty, explosive diversification, mass extinctions |
| Formation of new species. | Speciation |
| Two patterns of evolution. | Nonbranching evolution: no new species, Branching evolution: results in speciation |
| A group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another in nature to produce fertile offspring. | Species |
| Based on reproductive compatibility rather than physical similarity. | Biological Species Concept |
| By defining a species by its reproductive isolation from other populations, the biological species concept can only be applied to organisms that reproduce sexually. True or False | TRUE |
| Temporal Isolation, Habitat Isolation, Behavioral Isolation, Mechanical Isolation, Gametic Isolation | Prezygotic Barriers |
| Reduced Hybrid Viability, Reduced hybrid Fertility, Hybrid Breakdown | Postzygotic Barriers |
| Example of Temporal Isolation | Skunks mate at different time of the year. |
| Example of Habitat Isolation | Creepy Crawlies: One lives on land, one lives in water |
| Example of Behavioral Isolation | Galapagos Blue-Footed Boobies: mate only after a specific ritual |
| Example of Mechanical Isolation | Snails: The shell spiral in opposite directions making it impossible to sexually reproduce. |
| Example of Gametic Isolation | Red and purple Urchins are unable to fuse together. |
| Example of Reduced Hybrid Viability | Salamander: Hybridize but offspring does not develop fully |
| Example of Reduced Hybrid Fertility | Mule: Horse + Donkey= Sterile Mule |
| Example of Hybrid Breakdown | Rice Hybrids: Plants of 2nd generation are small and sterile. |
| A behavioral isolation is considered a prezygotic barrier. True or False | TRUE: It prevents mating and therefore the formation of a zygote. |
| The initial block to gene flow is a geographic barrier that physically isolates the splinter population. | Allopatric Speciation |
| The origin of a new species without geographic isolation. | Sympatric Speciation |
| What must happen for allopatric speciation to occur? | A population must be split into more than one group by a geographic barrier. |
| A new species changes most as it first branches from a parent species;there is little change for the rest of the species' existence. | Punctuated Model |
| Species that are descended from a common ancestor diverge gradually in form as they acquire unique adaptations. | Graduated Model |
| Accounts for the relative rarity of transitional fossils linking newer species to older ones. | Punctuated Model |
| The time required for speciation in most cases is relatively short compared with the overall duration of the species' existence, thus the transition of one species to another seems abrupt. | Punctuated Model |
| Based on the decay of radioactive isotopes. | Radiometric Dating |
| Amounts of radioactive isotopes can be measured by the radiation the emit as they decompose to more stable atoms. | Radiometric Dating |
| Most scientists disagree that the collision that created the Chicxulub crater could have been a major factor in global climatic changes and mass extinction. True or False | FALSE: Most Scientists DO agree |
| Humans don't owe their existance to the demise of older species. True or False | FALSE: They may owe their existance. |
| Through the process of evolution by natural selection this pattern of death and renewal is repeated throughout the history of life on earth. True or False | TRUE |
| A change in the gene pool of a population, often associated with adaptation. | Microevolution |
| Myrtle Warbler and Audubon's Warbler: Distinct species that lived side by side in parts of their ranges. More recent descriptions they are listed as eastern and western forms of a single species the yellow-rumped warbler. Apparently they... | Successfully Interbreed |
| Example: One lilac species lives on acidic soil, another on basic soil. | Prezygotic |
| Example: Mallard and pintail ducks mate at different times of year. | Prezygotic |
| Example: Two species of leopard frogs have different mating calls. | Prezygotic |
| Example: Hybrid offspring of two species of jimsonweed always die before reproducing. | Postzygotic |
| Example: Pollen of one kind of pine tree cannot fertilize another kind. | Prezygotic |
| Why is a small, isolated population mroe likely to undergo speciation that a large one? | Because a small gene pool is more likely to be changed substantially by genetic drift and natural selection. |
| Many species of plants and animals adapted to desert conditions probably did not arise there. Their success in living in deserts could be due to exaptations. True or False | TRUE |
| Structures that evolved in one context but became adapted for different functions. | Exaptations |
| Occured regulary about every million years. | Mass extinctions |
| The animals and plants of India are almost completely different from the species in nearby Southeast Asia. Why might this be true? | India was a separate contintent until relatively recently. |
| Levels of Classification in order | Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain |
| 12 mg of the radioactive isotope potassium-40. Half life is 1.3 billion years. Conclude how old the rock is. | 2.6 |
| In the three-domain system, which two domains contain prokaryotic organisms? | Archaea and Bacteria |
Created by:
Cabanillas
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