Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
CH 30,31,32,33
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Fish and amphibians have a___ that contains a mechanism with hair cells that respond to___ | lateral line system to water movement |
| What are photoreceptors? | Cells that contain light absorbing pigment molecules |
| planaria contain a pait of ___ that __ | ocelli detect light |
| Insects and crustainans see through a ___ which consists of several thousand light detectors called__ | compound eye ommatida |
| What do ommatida detect effectively? | movement |
| Eyes of all vertebrates have a ? | single lens |
| A network of dead end tubules connected to external opennings in planaria house what? | protonephridium |
| What is a flame bulb? | smallest branches of networks capped by a cellular unit cilia |
| What consists of tubules that collect coelomic fluid and produce dilute urine for excretion? | metanephridia |
| Where are metanephridia found in? | earthworms |
| What removes nitrogenous wastes from hemolymph? | malpighian tubes |
| Where are malpighian tubes found in animal wisse? | Insects |
| The binding of ADH to receptor molecules in the kidneys leads to ? | temporary increase in the # of aquaporin proteins in the membrane of CD cells |
| Where is ADH made and stored? | Hypothylumus P Pituitary |
| What does RAAS effect? | functions in homeostasis, BP and blood volume |
| What is JGA triggered by? What does it release? | drop in blood pressure the enzyme renin |
| What does the release of renin trigger? | the formation of the peptide angiotensinII |
| What does Angiotensin II do? | raises BP, decreases blood flow and stimulates the release of aldosterone |
| Aldosterone increases what? | blood volume and pressure |
| ADH and RAAS both increase what? but which one only respond to decrease in blood volume? | water absorption RAAS |
| what hormone opposes RAAS? | ANP |
| ANP is released in response to? | an increase in blood wolume and pressure |
| What does ANP inhibit? | release of Renin |
| What are chemical signals that secrete into the circulatory system? | hormones |
| What two systems coordinate communication throughout the body? | endocrine and nervous system |
| What kind of responses does the endocrine system hormones coordinate? | slower but longer-acting response |
| NERVOUS SYSTEM CONVEYS WHAT KIND OF SIGNALs? | high speed electrical signals along neurons |
| What are the two criterias for classifying signals? | Type of secreting cell, route taken by the signal in reaching the target cell |
| Endocrine signaling maintains... | homeostasis, and regulates growth and development |
| What are local regulators? | molecules that act over short distances mainly through diffusion |
| Signaling where target cells lie near the secreting cells? target cells that are the secreting cells? | Paracrine Autocrine Signaling |
| What is the gap between neurons? | synapses |
| What do neurons secrete into the snyapses? | neurotransmitters |
| What do neurosecretory cells secrete that travel to target cells via bloodstream? | neurohormones |
| What are chemicals releaseed into the environment? | pheromones |
| What are the functions of pheromones? | defining territory, lead to food, attracting mates |
| What are endocrine glands? | endocrine cells grouped together in ductless organs |
| What are the three major classes of hormones? | Polypeptides, Amines, Steroids |
| What hormones stimulate and maintain metabolic processes | T3 T4 |
| What hormone lowers blood Calcium levels? | calcitonin |
| What hormone raises blood Calcium levels? | PTH |
| What hormone lowers blood glucose level? Which raises blood glucose levels? | INSULIN Glucagon |
| What two hormones raises glucose levels, increases metabolic activity, constrict some blood vessels? | epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| Where are GH, prolactin, FSH, LH, TSH, and ACTH made? | anterior pituitary gland |
| What does the thyroid gland produce? | T3, T4, and Calcitonin |
| What are the three primarily tropic hormones? | FSH, LH, ACTH |
| What does excess GH cause? What occurs when one lack GH? | Gigantism Dwarfism |
| What are the two glands in the adrenal gland? | adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex |
| What tow hormones are members of the class of catecholamines? | epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| What are the six connective tissues? | Loose connective tissue, fibrous connective tissue, bone, blood, cartilage and adipose tissue |
| What are the three types of muscle tissue? | skeletal, smooth and cardiac |
| What are essential nutrients? | material that is required by cells and must be obtained from a dietary source |
| What are vitamins? | organic molecules |
| What are the two groups of vitamins? | water soluble and fat soluble |
| What are minerals? | inorganic nutrients |
| What is the difference between malnourished and undernourished? | Mal is the long term absence of essential nutrients from diet where under is where diet does not provide enough chemical energy |
| What are the four steps to digestion? | ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination |
| In chemical digestion what splits bonds with the addition of water? | enzymatic hydrolysis |
| What is an example of intracellular digestion? | phagocytosis and food vacuoles |
| What regulates the movement of material between compartments? | sphincters |
| What is the rhythmic contraction of mucles in the wall of the alimentary canal? | peristalsis |
| What are the accessory glands to digestion? | salivary, pancreas, liver and gallbladder |
| What enzyme produced by the salivary glands breakdown glucose polymers? | amylase |
| What does the stomach produce and what do these juices do? | gastric juices converts a meal to chyme |
| What are gastric juices made up of? | pepsin and HCL |
| What is pepsin? | a protease, protein digesting agent |
| What do the parietal cells secrete into the lumen of the stomach? | hydrogen and chloride ions |
| What do chief cells secrete into the lumen? | pepsinogen |
| What activates pepsinogen into pepsin? and what protects the stomach from these harsh chemicals? | HCL mucus |
| Where does chyme mix with digestive juices from the accessory glands? | duodenum |
| What does the pancreas produce? | trypsin and chymotrypsin |
| What converts trypsinogen into trypsin? Chymotrypsinogen into Chymotrypsin? | membrane bound enteropeptidase Trypsin |
| What carries nutrient-rich blood from the capillaries of the villi to the liver? | hepatic portal vein |
| Where is bile made and stored? And what does it do | Liver, gallbladder aids in digestion and absorption of fat and destroys nonfuctional red blood cells |
| What do the fats coated with phospolipids, cholesterol, and proteins form after being recombined | chylomicrons |
| What aids in the fermentation of plant material and connects the small intestine with the large? | cecum |
| What is the appendix used for> | immunity |
| What hormones regulate digestion and the release and transport of hormones? | Gastrin, CCK and secretin |
| What is partial pressure? | the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases |
| Which has more O2 water or air? | air |
| Fish gills uses what where blood flows in the opposite direction to water passing over the gills? | counter-current |
| How does the tracheal system in insects work? | Tubes supply O2 directly to body cells |
| how do larger insects ventilate the tracheal system ? | by flapping wings |
| Where does gas exchange take place? | in the alveoli |
| What coats the surface of the alveoli? | surfactants |
| How do frogs ventilate its lungs by forcing air down the trachea? | positive pressure breathing |
| Wht creates negative pressure breathing in mammals> | diaphragm |
| What is tidal volume> | air inhaled with each breath |
| What is the maximum tidal volume? | vital capacity |
| What is residual volume? | the air remaining in the lungs after exhalation |
| What are the two region of breathing control? | medulla oblongata and the pons |
| What monitors O2 and CO2 levels in the blood? | carotid and aorta sensors |
| What are respiratory pigments> | proteins that transport O2 |
| What is the respiratory pigment is arthropods, in vertebrates? | hemocyanin hemoglobin |
| How does CO2 travel in the blood stream? | in the form HCO3- |
| what makes up a circulatory system? | circulatory fluid, interconnecting vessels and a heart |
| What is hemolymph? | blood and interstitial fluid |
| What are the three main types of blood vessels ? | arteries, veins and capillaries |
| What is the route of a single circulation? | heart arteries lungs capillaries veins |
| Double cirulation route? | heart lungs heart arteries capillaries veins |
| What are the three circuits? | pulmonary and systemic and pulmocutaneous |
| What kind of heart do frogs have? Reptiles? | three chambered heart |
| What kind of heart do birds and mammals have? | 4 chambered heart |
| What is the contraction or pumping phase of the cardiac cycle? | systole |
| What is the relaxation phase or filling phase of the cardiac cycle? | diastole |
| What is stroke volume? | the amount of blood pumped in a single contraction |
| What is cardiac output? | the volume of blood pumped into the systemic circulation per minute and depends on heart rate and stroke volume |
| What is the lub in a heart beat? | recoil of blood against the AV valves |
| What is the dup sound in a heart beat? | recoil of blood against the semi lunar valves |
| what is black flow of blood through a defective valve? | heart murmur |
| What is the pacemaker of the heart? | sinoartial node |
| What node delays the impulse of the SA node and then sends the impulses to the bundle fibers and then the purkinje fibers? | AV node |
| What is the epithelial layer the lines the blood vessel? | endothelium |
| where is the velocity of blood the slowest? | in the capillary bed |
| What is systolic pressure? diastolic pressure? | pressure in the arteries during ventricular systole pressure in the arteries during diastole |
| What induces vasodilation? what induces vasoconstriction? | Nitric oxide peptide endothelin |
| What are the ways to move blood in the veins? | smooth muscle contractions, skeletal muscle contraction and expansion of vena cava with inhalation |
| How much of the bodies capillaries does blood flow through at a time? | 5 to 10 percent |
| What two mechanisms regulate distribution of blood? | contraction of smooth muscles layer in aterioles and precapillary sphincters |
| What is the lymphatic systems main purpose? | returns fluid that leaks out from the capillary beds |
| Where does the lymphatic system drain into the circulatory system? | veins in the neck |
| What are lymph nodes? | organs that filter lymph and play important role in the bodies defense |
| What is edema? | swelling caused by disruptions in the flow of lymp |
| What are the five types of leukocytes? | monocytes, neutrophil, basophils, eosinophils and lymphocyts |
| During coagulation a cascade of complex reaction converts? | fibrinogen to fibrin |
| What converts prothrombin to thrombin and then Fribrinogen to fibrin? | Enzymatic cascade Thrombin |
| What are the two types of immunity in mammals? | innate and adaptive |
| What is innate immunity? | nonspecific responses to pathogens |
| What is adaptive immunity? | and acquired immunity |
| What are some barrier defenses? | skin, mucous membranes and secretions |
| What are some innate internal defenses? | phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, antimicrobial proteins and inflammatory response |
| how do phagocytic cells recognize groups of pathogens? | by TLRs toll like receptors |
| What are the four different types of phagocytic cells? | neutrophils-engulf and destroy Macrophages, Dendritic cells- stim development of adaptive immunity Eosinophils-discharge destructive enzymes |
| How do interferon proteins provide innate defense? | interfering with viruses and helping activat macrophages |
| What do mast cells release? which causes? | histamine constriction of blood vessels |
| What do activated macrophages and neutrophils release what that signal molecules that enhance the immune response? | cytokinesis |
| What is in pus? | white blood cells, dead pathogens and cell debris |
| What triggers a fever, a systemic inflammatory response, that is released by macrophages and by toxins from pathogens? | pyrogens |
| What is septic shock? | life threatening condition caused by an overwhelming inflammatory response |
| What are the two types of lymphocytes in the adaptive immunity? | T-cells and B-cells |
| what are antigens? | substances that can elicit a response from a B or T cell |
| What is the small accessible part of an antigen that binds to an antigen receptor? | epitope |
| What are MHC? | are host proteins that display antigen fragments on the cell surface |
| What is the process of MHC molecules binding and transporting antigen fragments to the cell surface? | antigen presentation |
| What is the proliferation of lymphocytes? | clonal selection |
| What are the two types of clones produced by clonal selection? | effector cells and memory cells |
| What is the first exposure to a specific antigen? second exposure? | primary immune response secondary immune response |
| What are the two acquired immunity types? | humoral immune response and cell-mediated immune response |
| Which branch of acquired immunity has antibodies help neutralize or eliminate toxins and pathogens in the blood and lymph | humoral immune response |
| Which uses specialized T cells to destroy affected host cells? | cell mediated immune responsse |
| What type of T cell triggers both the humoral and cell mediated immune responses? | helper T cells |
| What are the two classes of antigen presenting cells? | Class I and class II MHC molecules |
| What are the different types of cells that can be antigen presenting cells? | dendritic cells, macrophages or b celss |
| Which class of MHC molecules does helper T cells recognize? | Class II |
| Once the helper T cell has been activated what does it do? | proliferates and forms clones to activate B cells |
| What are the effector cells in the cell mediated immune response? | Cytotoxic T cells |
| What class of MHC do Cytotoxic Tcells attach too and it posses what that aids in this attachment? | class I accessory proteins |
| How does activated T cells destroy pathogens? | secretes proteins that disrupt the membranes of target cells and trigger apoptosis |
| What are these enzymes that trigger apoptosis? | perforin and granzymes |
| What are the antibody- secreting effector cells of B cells called? | plasma cells |
| What are the role of antibodies? | tag pathogen or toxins for destruction and neutralization |
| What is it called when antibodies bind to antigens on bacteria creating a target triggering phagocytosis? | opsonization |
| What can antigen-antibody comples bind to that triggers a cascade of complement protien activation? | complement protien |
| What are the five types of immunoglobulin that b cells can express? | IgD, IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE |
| What type of immunity develops naturally when memory cells form clones in response to an infection? | active immunity |
| What is a synthetic form of active immunity? | vaccination |
| What type of immunity provides immediate short term protection? | passive |
| What are some examples of naturally occurring passive immunity? artificially? | IgG crossing the placenta and IgA passas through breast milk injecting antibodies |
| What can stimulate the rejection of tissue grafts and trasnplants? | differences in MHC molecules |
| What is an exaggerated response to antigens caused by? | allergens |
| What is osmoregulation? | regulates solute concentrations and balances the gain and loss of water |
| What determines the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane? | osmolarity |
| What kinds of marine animals are isoosmtic with their surroundings and do not regulate osmolarity? | Osmoconformers |
| Which type expends energy to control water uptake and loss? | osmoregulators |
| how do salt water fish maintain a balance of water levels? | drink sea water excrete salts |
| How do fresh water fish maintain a balance of water levels? | take in water and salts and excrete lots of water while trying to hold the salts |
| What are transport epithelia? example? | are specialized cells for moving solutions in specific direction nasal salt glands in sea birds |
| What are the three types of nitrogenous wastes? | ammonia, urea and uric acid |
| what are the key functions of most excretory systems> | filtration, reabsorption, secretion and excretion |
| What does the proximal tubule reabsorb? | ions, water, and nutreints |
| What is able to be reabsorded in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle? | salt but no water |
| what does the distal tubule regulate ? | K+, NaCl concentrations and thus pH |
| What does the collecting duct do? | carries filtrate through medulla to renal pelvis, reabsorbs solutes and water |
| how does the countercurrent multiplier system work? | involving loop of Henle maintains a high salt concentration in the kidney |
| What determines how much water is reabsorbed? | The length of the loop of Henle |
| How do amphibians conserve water on land? | by reabsorbing water from the urinary bladder |
| What hormone oppsoes RAAS? | ANP |
| When is ANP released and inhibits? | in response to an increase in blood volume and pressure release of renin |
| What is initated when a hormone binds to a cells receptors? | signal transduction |
| What leads to a hormone having multiple effects on different cells? | different receptors and different signal transduction pathways |
| What is the difference between negative and positive feedback? | loop inhibits its self while positive reinforces stimuli |
| What is an example of positive? negative? | oxytocin insulin and glucagon |
| What does Oxytocin regulate? ADH? | milk secretion renal physiology |
| What is the name of excessive production of thyroid hormones, of little thyroid function? | Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism |
| What are tropic hormones? | those that regulate the function of endocrine glands |
| What family of steroids is released from the adrenal cortex? | corticosteroids |
| What are two types of corticosteriods? what hormone stimulates the release of these hormones? | glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids ACTH |
| What are the three sex hormones? | androgen, estrogen and progestins |
| What is a nerve cell called? | neuron |
| What are the two types of signals? | electrical and chemical |
| Where does processing of info take place? | ganglia or brain |
| What are the three stages to the nervous systems process of info? | sensory input, integration and motor output |
| What are the three types of neurons? | sensory, interneurons and motor neurons |
| What are the two types of nervous systems? | Central and peripheral |
| What is the cone shaped base of an axon called? | axon hillock |
| What are most neurons nourished of insulated by? | cells called glia |
| At resting potential where is the concentrations of K+ and Na+ the highest? | K= inside the cell Na= outside the cell |
| What maintains these gradients? | sodium-potassium pumps with the use of ATP |
| What converts chemical potential to electrical potential in neurons? | the opening of ion channels |
| what channels open and close in response to stimuli? | gated ion channels |
| what is hyperolarization? | an increase in magnitude of the membrane potential, or when gated K channels open making the inside more negative |
| What is depolariztion? | occurs if gated Na channels open and Na diffuses into the cell |
| What are changes in polarization where the magnitude of the change varies with the strength o the stimulus? | graded potentials |
| What are voltage gated channels? | channels that open and close when the membrane potential passes a certain level |
| What is a refractory period? | a period where a second action potential cannot be initiated |
| What insulates the axon and causes an action potential's speed to increase? | myelin sheath |
| What are myelin sheaths made by? | Oligodendrocytes in CNS Schwann cells in PNS |
| What are the nodes of Ranvier? | gaps in the myelin sheath where voltage- gated Na channels are found |
| What is the process of an action potential jumping between nodes of Ranvier? | Saltatory conduction |
| What are neurotransmitters packaged in at the presynatic neuron? | synaptic vesicles |
| What is the synaptic cleft? | space between synaptic terminals |
| What do neurotransmitters bind to to generate a postsynaptic potential? | ligand gated ion channels |
| What are the two types of postsynaptic potentials and what do they cause? | EPSP- depolarization IPSP- hyperpolarization |
| What is is called when too EPSPs are produced in rapid succession? | temporal summation |
| What type of summation occurs when two EPSPs simultaneously combine with the postsynaptic neuron? | spatial summation |
| What are the five groups of neurotransmitters? | acetylcholine, bioenic, amines, amino acids, neuropeptides and gases |
| Which neurotransmitter is used in muscle stimulation? what are its two receptors? | Acetylcholine ligand gated and metabotropic |
| What are a couple of amino acid neurotransmitters in the CNS? | glutamate and GABA and glycine |
| Biogenic amines include? | epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine and Serotonin |
| What is an example of neuropeptides? | endorphin |
| What are the four function of sensory pathways? | sensory reception, tranduction, transmission and integration |
| What interacts directly with stimuli both inside and outside an organism? | sensory receptors |
| What is the conversion of stimulus energy into a change in the membrane potential of a sensory receptor? | sensory transduction |
| What is this change in membrane potential called? | receptor potential |
| What is a transmission? | action potential to the CNS |
| What are perceptions? | the brain's construction of stimuli |
| What are the five categories of sensory receptors? | Mechanoreceptor, chemoreceptors, electromagnetic receptor,thermoreceptors and pain receptors |
| What do mechanoreceptors sense? | physical deformation caused by stimuli such as pressure, stretch, motion and sound |
| What do chemoreceptors transmit info about? | total solute concetration of a solution |
| What do electromagnetic receptors detect? | light, electricity and magnetism |
| What do thermoreceptors respond to? | heat or cold to help regulate body temp |
| which receptor is a class of naked dendrite in the epidermis that respond to excess heat, pressure, and chemicals? | pain receptors |
| Where are the mechanoreceptors located in invertebrates that maintains equilibrium? | statocysts |
| What are the mechanoreceptors that detect movement of granules? | statoliths |
| What are the three bones of the ear? | Malleus, Incus and Stapes |
| What happens when hair cells bend? | depolarizes the membranes of mechanoreceptors and sends action potentials to the brain via the auditory nerve |
| What dissipates fluid waves at the end of the tympanic canal? | round windows |
| What distinguishes pitch? | cochlea |
| What contains granules called otoliths that allow us to perceive position relative to gravity? | utricle and saccule |
| What does the semicircular canals contain and detect? | fluid detects angular movement in any direction |
| how do fish an amphibians hear? | lateral line system |
| What do light detectors all contain ___ that contain light-absorbing pigment molecules? | photoreceptors |
| Transduction of visual info to the nervous system begins with the conversion of? | cis-retinal to trans retinal |
| What does trans-retinal activate? what does this then activate? This then eventually leads to the hydrolysis of? | Rodopsin G protein cyclic GMP |
| When cyclic GMP breaks down what closes? | Na channels causing hyperpolarization |
| In the dark what do rods and cones release into the synapses with bipolar cells? | glutamate |
| What happens to bipolar cells in response to glutamate? | hyperpolarized or depolarized |
| What happens to rods and cones in light? | hyperpolarize shutting off the release of glutamate |
| What are cone pigments called? | photopsins |
| how are photopsins formed? | when retinal binds to three distinct opsin proteins |
| Where are taste receptors of insects located? | sensilla |
| What are the receptor cells for taste? | taste buds |
| What are the five tastes? | sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami |
| Each muscle fiber is itself a bunble of smaller ___. | myofibrils |
| Thin filaments consists of two strands of ___ and two strands of ____. | actin regulatory protein |
| Thick filaments are made up of staggeredly arrayed ___? | myosin |
| What is the functional unit of a muscle is called? what is it bordered by? | sacromere Z lines |
| What regulatory protein binds to actin strands on thin filaments? | tropomyosin ans troponin complex |
| What binds to troponin complex and exposes the myosin-binding sites? | Calcium |
| When the action potential travels down the T tubules, cause what to release Ca? | sacroplasmic reticulum |
| What does a motor unit consist of? | a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers in controls |
| What is a twitch? | results from a single action potential in a motor neuron |
| What is a state of smooth and sustained contraction produced when motor neurons deliver a volley of action potentials? | Tetanus |
| How are cardiac muscles electrically connected? | intercalated disks |
| What are the three main types of skeletons? | hydrostatic, exoskeleton, endoskeletons |
Created by:
sfitzpatrick
Popular Biology sets