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BIO 110 Exam 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ecology | a sub discipline of biology defined as the study of the interactions between organisms and their environments |
| Population | groups of individual organisms that interbreed with each other |
| Community | populations of different species that interact with each other within a locale |
| Ecosystem | all living organisms, as well as non-living elements, that interact in a particular area |
| Species | natural populations of organisms that can interbreed and are reproductively isolated from other such groups; in the Linnaean system, the species is the narrowest classification for an organism |
| Biotic | relating to living organisms; the biotic environment, or community, consists of all the living organisms in a given area |
| Abiotic | Physical rather than biological; not derived from living organisms |
| density-dependent factors | limitations on a population's growth that are a consequence of the population density |
| density-independent factors | forces that strike populations without regard for population size, increasing the death rate or decreasing the number and rate of offspring produced |
| growth rate | BIRTH RATE-DEATH RATE=GROWTH RATE the change in the number of individuals in a population per unit of time |
| exponential growth | Growth of population whose rate becomes ever more rapid in proportion to the growing total number or size. |
| logistic growth | a pattern of population growth in which initially exponential growth levels off as the environment's carrying capacity is approached |
| population density | the number of individuals of a population in a given area |
| carrying capacity | the ceiling on a population's growth imposed by the limitation of resources for a particular habitat over a period of time |
| opportunistic strategy | small, short-lived, fast breeders, him biotic potential; high hazard species |
| equilibrium strategy | larger, long-lived, more parental care; low hazard species |
| survivorship curves | I--longer-living (humans) II--steady decline III--short-lived |
| Biosphere | all communities; includes biomes |
| mutualism | both benefit from presence of the others; +/+; ex: hippos & fish |
| parasitism | one species benefits at expense of another; -/+; drawing nourishment from another |
| predation | one species eating another; +/- |
| competition | only occurs when resources are limited; -/- |
| commensalism | Human (0) & bacteria (+) in your garbage can feasting on food you threw out; +/0 |
| amensalism | Human (0) scuffing through an anthill (-); -/0 |
| niche | the way an organism utilizes the resources of its environment, including the pace it requires, the food it consumes, and timing of reproduction |
| habitat | the physical environment of organisms, consisting of the chemical resources of the soil, water, and air, and physical conditions such as temperature, salinity, humidity, and energy sources |
| competitive exclusion | the case in which two species battle for resources in the same niche until the more efficient of the two wins and the other is driven to extinction in that location |
| resource partitioning | division of resources that occurs when species that overlap some portion of a niche in which one or more species differ in behavior or body plan in a way that divides the resources of the niche between the species |
| character displacement | evolutionary divergence in one/more of the species that occupy a niche that leads to partitioning of niche b/n the species. changes in characteristics of two/more very similar species w/ overlapping geographical locations cause a reduction of competition |
| primary succession | Ecological succession that begins in an area where no biotic community previously existed; NO SOIL |
| secondary succession | soil remains |
| pioneer species/colonizers | first ones to find a niche |
| ecological succession | progression of change in community members |
| climax community | a stable and self-sustaining community the trestles from ecological succession |
| food chain order | SUN>PHOTO-SYNTHESIZERS>GRAZERS>CARNIVORES>TOP PREDATORS |
| photosynthesizers | primary produces/autotrophs |
| grazers | primary consumers/heterotrophs/herbivores |
| carnivores | secondary consumers/heterotrophs |
| top predators | tertiary consumers/heterotrophs/carnivores/omnivores |
| reservoir | storage in environment |
| exchange pool | location in environment where element enters and exits biosphere |
| CARBON CYCLE reservoirs | ocean, soil & rock, and atmosphere |
| CARBON CYCLE exchange pools | air or water CO2 |
| CARBON CYCLE biosphere entry | photosynthesis |
| CARBON CYCLE reentry to reservoirs & pools | cellular respiration and decomposers |
| CARBON CYCLE human impacts | fossil fuel burning, deforestation (removing photosynthesizers) |
| CARBON CYCLE human impacts effects | increased CO2 in atmosphere, greenhouse effect, global warming, climate change |
| NITROGEN CYCLE reservoirs | atmosphere, fossil fuels |
| NITROGEN CYCLE exchange pools | soil (nitrogen fixation and lightning) |
| NITROGEN CYCLE biosphere entry | nitrogen fixing & nitrifying bacteria and then into plants |
| NITROGEN CYCLE re-entry | decomposers and denitrifying bacteria |
| NITROGEN CYCLE human impact | fertilizers & fossil fuel burning |
| NITROGEN CYCLE human impact effects | increase fixation, double exchange pool, global warming, acidification of soil/bodies of water, and aquatic eutrophication |
| aquatic eutrophication | an overload of nutrients in the water |
| PHOSPHORUS CYCLE reservoir | rock |
| PHOSPHORUS CYCLE exchange pool | soil/water |
| PHOSPHORUS CYCLE biosphere entry | plant roots |
| PHOSPHORUS CYCLE re-entry | decomposers and sedimentation |
| PHOSPHORUS CYCLE human impact | fertilizer, sewage |
| PHOSPHORUS CYCLE human impact effects | soil overloaded, runoff into water, aquatic eutrophication [ 1) overgrowth, 2) decomposer cell respiration, 3) hypoxia ], and dead zones |
| HYDROLOGIC CYCLE human impacts | water removal (irrigation, consumption, other), water pollution, and landscape changes (deforestation, removal of wetlands) |
| biodiversity | variability in and of living organisms |
| human impacts on biodiversity | habitat loss, exotic species, pollution, over exportation, diseases |
Created by:
amay322
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