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Lymphatic/Immunity
Bio 212 Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the lymphatic system? | It collects interstitial fluid and transports it back into the blood. It absorbs fat. It plays a role in the body's defense mechanisms. |
| When fluid is picked up by lymphatic capillaries, what is the fluid called? | It's called lymph. |
| What does lymph do? | Enter through afferent vessels and exits through efferent vessels. |
| What is a lymph trunk? | When efferent vessels of one lymph that may lead to the afferent vessels of another lymph node that may fuse, forming a lymph trunk. Lymphatic trunks enters directly into veins and form larger lymphatic ducts. |
| What is the thoracic duct? | The largest lymphatic vessel that drains the entire left side of the body and the inferior half of the body. |
| What is a cisterna chyli? | It is a sac that is formed by the intestinal and lumbar lymphatic trunks joined with the inferior end of the thoracic duct. |
| What makes lymph capillaries different from blood capillaries? | The lack a basement membrane and their simple squamous cells overlap (flap). Lymph capillaries are more permeable and less selective. |
| Describe lymphatic tissue. | It contains reticular connective tissue and cells such as lymphotcytes and macrophages. It may be encapsulated by dense connective tissue (lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus) or noncapsulated (diffuse lymphatic tissue, lymph nodules, and tonsils). |
| What are lymph nodules? | they are compact, spherical structures that are found within the loose connective tissue of the digestive, reproductive, urinary, and reproductive systems. |
| What re the three groups of tonsils? | Palatine, pharyngeal, and lingual. Palatine and pharyngeal tonsils are most as risk for infection. Lingual tonsils are isolated to the posterior region of the tongue. |
| What is the function of lymph nodes? | They're found in clusters along the lymphatic vessels. They filter lymph by removing microorganisms. |
| What does macrophages do? | They cleanse the lymph by removing microorganisms. |
| What is the bubonic plague? | They're transferred from rat fleas, to rats, to humans. The bacteria aggregate in the lymph nodes, which enlarges in response, quickly causing septicemia. Swelling of lymph nodes in the groin. |
| What is the white pulp? | It's formed by lymphatic tissue surrounding the arteries. Lymphocytes are found here. |
| What is the red pulp? | It makes up most of the interior if the spleen and consists of a fibrous network containing macrophages, red blood cells, and enlarged capillaries. It's associated with veins. |
| What is the lymphatic tissue that lacks reticular fibers? | The encapsulated thymus. |
| What is innate immunity? | It is responsible for the body's nonspecific response to foreign challenges. 1) mechanical barriers 2) cellular responses 3) chemical mediators |
| What are chemical mediators? | They're factors that promote the phagocytosis process, direct inflammation, activate complement, and prevent viral replication. |
| What is MAC? | Membrane attach complexes which poerce and create holes through the plasma membrane. |
| What are interferons? | Proteins produced by virally infected cells. They bind to and stimulate the non-infected cells producing antiviral proteins. They're considered part of the innate immunity cause it acts against nonspecific viruses. |
| What is adaptive immunity? | It is responsible for antigen specific responses. It develops throughout life based on exposure to antigens. |
| Where do lymphocytes originate? | Red bone marrow. |
| Explain the positive and negative selection for lymphocytes. | As lymphocytes develop, they go thru pos & neg select. processes. Pos select. occurs as cells react to antigens. Cells that don't trigger an immune response dies; those that proceed goes thru neg select; cells that react with self antigens are destroyed. |
| What are Helper T cells? | They identify and bind to MHC II/ antigen complexes and are involved in activation of humoral and cell mediated immunity. |
| Explain antibodies. | Antibodies are in the form of a "Y." The tips of the "Y" represents the variable regions where it binds to antigenic determinants. Each tip is specific for one antigenic determinant. |
| What are Cytotoxic T cells? | They are activated when they encounter and bind to MHC class I/ antigen complexes derived from intracellular antigens. They destroy the infected target cells and release cytokines. |
| What are cytokines? | They recruit backup by rallying macrophages inducing phagocytosis. |
| What is perforin? | It is released by Cytotoxic T cells are are proteins that breeches the plasma membrane of target cells inducing cell lysis. |
Created by:
jyang9
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