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bio unit 11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| advantages and disadvantages of duffusion | adv:passive transport; no nrg dis: very slow |
| molecules that use diffusion or faciliatated diffsion | nonpolar molecules use diffusion (o2 and CO2) polar molecules use facilitated diffsuion (glucose and h20) |
| fish circulatory system | 2-chambered heart; single circuit of blood flow; swimming provides circulation |
| prolasping | valve inverts itself |
| what is a heart murmur? | a leaky valve |
| why is the left ventricle thicker | greater distnce to travel |
| the myocardium has what kind of juctions? | gap junctions, interconnected like plasmodersmata in plants |
| endocardium | epithelial tissue that lines heart |
| pericardium sac | connective tissue that protects heart |
| what are valves for? | prevent backwash and insure one-way flow |
| how much blood in average human? | 5 quarts |
| arterioles and veunles | small arteries and veins |
| how thick are capillaries? | one cell, all for diffusion |
| pre-capillary spincters | increase or decrease bloodflow to areas |
| how are the tissues layered in blood vessels? | outside is a layer of connective tissue for protection, then smooth muscle tissue, then epithelial tissue |
| elastin | protein for strechiness, accomadates surge of blood, lowers blood pressure |
| what is a hole in your heart? | a hole in your septum that allows for blood to mix |
| lymph | colorless fluid, derived from interstitial fluid |
| what do lymph nodes contain? | white blood cells, filter the lymph and help attack viruses and bacteria |
| leukocytes | white blood cells |
| platelets | cell fragments |
| erythrocytes | red blood cells, contain no nucleus or mitochondria; more room for oxygen and hemaglobin; dont use oxygen; rely on glycolysis |
| blood is mostly made of... | plasma (connective tissue matrix) |
| heart attacks | coronary vessel is blocked, seriousness depends on size of blood vessel |
| stroke | blood cut off to brain |
| atherosclerosis | cholesterol plaques build up on walls, not as elastic, decreased diameter, higher clot risk, hirgher blood pressure |
| arteriosclerosis | hardening of arteries, not as elastic, higher blood pressure etc |
| hypertension | no symptoms (easily treated) |
| HDL and LDL | HDL= high density lipid protein LDL= low density lipid protein cholesterol transported in blood through protein because it is non polar and blood has lots of polar water |
| what is cholestrol needed for? | hormones and cell membranes |
| what is special about a birds respiratory passageway? | it has a one way airway |
| what is the larynx? | the voicebox |
| what is the pharynx? | the passageway for food and air |
| what is the trachea reinforced by? | cartilage |
| what causes emphysema? | lose of elasticity in the brochioles; stale air stay in the alveoli; cant get enough oxygen |
| what role does the nose play? | cleans and moisturizes and warms air; why the nose is red (blood); and why people in colder climates have longer noses |
| inhalation | diaphragm contraction; increases volume in lungs; lowers pressure |
| exhalation | diaphragm relaxation; decreases volume in lungs, pressure increases |
| EPO | secreted by kidney; increeases red blood cell count; in higher altitues |
| how does the medulla oblongata control breathing? | keeps track of CO2 levels by monitoring ph; carbonic acid buffer system |
| osmoconformer | hagfish and invertabrates; solute concentration of environment an forganism are equal; no active adjustment |
| osmoregulator | marine vertebrates; freshwater animals; land animals; solute concetrations between animal and environemtn differ; must expend enegry to regulate water loss or gain |
| freshwater fish to what to regulate water intake | high solute concentration in fish; fish gains water and loses salt; doesnt drink water and excrtes larges amounts of dilute urine |
| what to marine fishes do? | lower solute concetration in fish; fish loses water and gains salt; drinks large amounts of saltwater pumps excess salt out gills and produces small amounts of urine |
| ammonia | too toxic to be stored in body but diffuses well in water, aquatic animals; little enrgy expense |
| uric acid | fairly nontoxic; insoluble in water, eliminated as semi solid paste; seen in birds, insects and reptiles; big energy expense |
| urea | highly soluble in water so can be stored in concetrated solution; seen in mammals, most amphibians, sharks and bony fish |
| protonephridia | excretory system in flatworms (flame-bulbs) |
| metanephridia | excretory system in annelids(ciliated funnel systems) |
| malpighian tubules | excretory system in insects (tubes in digestive tract) |
| renal arteries | bring dirty blood to kidneys |
| renal veins | take clean blood back to heart (dioxygenated because the kidney uses lots of o2) |
| how does wastewater from blood washing exit body | ureter to urinary bladder to urethra |
| two main regions of kidney | renal cortex (outer) and renal medulla (inner) |
| functional unit of kidney | nephron |
| glomerulus | permeable ball of capillaries |
| bowman's capusle | part of first step; filtration; small molecules forced out of golmerulus into this bowmans capsule; then moves into renal tubule |
| whats forced out og glomerulus? | glucose, na, water and urea NOT FORCED OUT: blood cells and protein |
| ADH | hormone produced by hypothalmus and released by pituitary gland; anti diuretic hormone; dilutes blood; alcohol affects its concentration |
| innate immunity | preventative; non specific; in all animals (skin mucus secretions; phagocytic cells; natural killer cells; antimicrobial proteins; inflammatory response) |
| adaptive immunity | vertebrates only; acquired or specific; antibodies; cell mediated reposnse |
| barrier defenses | skin; secretions; mucus; ciliated epithelial cells; lyzozyme (enzyme that destorys cell wall; bacteria); ph (saliva and stomach are acidic); fever |
| neutrophilis | neutrophils (patrol tissues; 60-70% of wbcs; engulf and destroy microbes in infected tissue); |
| monocytes | monocytes (develop into macrophages; patrol interstitial fluid; |
| eosinophils | eosinophils=destory large parasitic invaders; |
| dendritic cells | dendrtitic cells= in tissues in contact with environment |
| natural killer cells | lymphcytes; recognize lack of Class 1 MHC molecules; found in all normal cells; missing in virus infected and cancer cells; trigger apoptosis by realeasing perforins |
| perforins | perforate or puncture cell membrane |
| interferon | preoteins released by virus infected cells; diffuse healthy cells; stimulates productions of proteins that inhibit viral production |
| histamine | dilates blood vessel, more blood |
| complement system | proteins circulate in inactive form; activated by presence of pathogen; lysis of pathogen or inflammatory reposnse |
| b cells | bone marrow; born in red bone marrow |
| t cells | thymus; born in red bone marrow |
| receptor proteins | plasma mebrane receptors on b and t cells; binds to specific foregin molecule |
| antigen | foreing molecule that elecits a response by lymphocytes |
| antibodies | anitgen binding immunoglobulin; produced by b cells; "kill me" signs; viral particle cannot attach to host cell |
| epitope | region on antigen surface recognized by antibodies |
| antibodies are composed of what | 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains held together by disulfide bridges |
| humoral immunity | b cell activation; production of antibodies; defend against bacteria, toxins, and viruses frre in the lymph and blood plasma |
| ehat cells provide immunity? | memory b cells |
| cell mediated immunity | t cell activation; cytotoxin; binds to or lyses cell; ; secrete proteins yhat destory pathogens |
| acquired immunity | stimulated by antigen presetning cells; active helper t produces cytokines; stimulate activation of b cells and cytotoxic t cells |
| effector cells | short lived plasma cells that combat the antigen |
| memory cells | long lived cells that bears receptors for the antigen |
| acquired immunity | immunity from recovering from disease or through immunization |
| passive immunity | trasnfer of immunity from one individual to another )mother to fetus) |
| rh factor | positive is autosomal dom; negative is recessive; get antibodies when exposed (IGG=can cross placenta) |
| IGM | cannot cross placenta (blood types) |
| endocrine glands | utilizes circulatory system |
| exocrine glands | has specific ducts for transport |
| what does the hypothalamus do | monitors homeostasis |
| which gland is both endo and exo crine | pancreas |
| neurosecretory cells | nerve cells that secret hormones (HDH) |
| negative feedback | when desired state is reached, turns off |
| positive feedback | amplification of effect |
| g proteins-coupled receptor | allows endocrine hormones to have effect without entering cells; signal transuductions pathway |
| steroids | can diffuse membrane; binds to receptor protein; attaches to dna; stimulates transcription (utilize protein carrier to make them water soluble) |
| tropic | affects other glands |
| oxytocin | contractions of uterus; mammary glands |
| melatonin | secreted by pineal gland; maintains natural cercadian rhytm |
| calcitonin | secreted by thyroid; "tones" down Ca levels by storing in bones; antagonistic relationship with PTH |
| thyroxine | secreted by thyroid; makes metabolism faster; responds to temp; iodine neeeded to make lacking leads to hyperstimulation; iodine in salt now |
| PTH | screted by parathyroid gland; increases Ca release; can only happen with vitamin d |
| alpha cells | in pancreas; produces glucagon; raises blood glucose levels |
| beta cells | in pancreas; produces insulin; lowers blood glucose levels |
| type 1 diabetes | lymphocytes target beta cells, no insulin produced |
| type 2 diabetes | reduced resposiveness to insulin targets (cells no longer respond to insulin) |
| how does insulin work? | increases development of protein channels to increase facilitated diffusion of glucose and triggers storage of glucose as glycogen in liver |
| how does glucagoin work? | target liver; stimulates hydrolysis of glycogen |
| epinephrine | adrenaline; fight or flight; increases atp production; dilates smooth muscles in bronchiols; increases heart rate; breaks down glycogen; increased blood flow to skeletal muscles; blood flow decreases to digestive system (ulcers) |
| cortisol | raises blood glucose; breaks down protein |
| aldopsterone | reabsoprtion of Na and K; blood volume and pressure increases, increases water to blood |
Created by:
bootoo
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