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Cardiovas System
Bio 212 Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does blood plasma mainly consist of? | Water |
| What are other substances that are in blood plasma? | Plasma proteins, ions, nutrients, waste products, gases, and regulatory substances. |
| What is albumin? | Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein, and it plays an important role in maintaining osmotic pressure. It regulates the water into and out of the blood. |
| What does albumin bind to and transport? | It binds to and transports fatty acids, bilirubin, and thyroid hormones. |
| What do all globulin proteins have in common? | They all include the transportation of substances as well as involvement in immunity. |
| What plays a major role in coagulation of blood? | Fibrinogen |
| What is the major role for red blood cells and what helps them carry out this function? | It is the transportation of respiratory gases. Their flattened, biconcave structure helps facilitate this function by increasing the surface area of the cell. |
| Does a mature red blood cell consist a nucleus and organelles? | It does not consist of a nucleus and it loses the majority of its organelles. |
| What is a hemoglobin? | It is a pigmented protein consisting of four polypeptide chains (globins). It's a protein-based component of red blood cells which is primarily responsible for transferring oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. |
| What is a heme? | It is the region within the hemoglobin that binds oxygen. |
| Where does formed elements develop from? | They develop from a progenitor cell, the hemocytoblast. |
| What are the two groups of white blood cell, and what types of white blood cell are under each group? | The first group is granulocytes(presence of cytplasmic granules): neutrophiles, eosinophils, and basophils. The second group is agranulocytes(absence of cytopl. gran.): lymphocytes and monocytes. |
| What are nuetrophils? | They are the most abundant type of granulocyte (white blood cell). They are multi-lobed, phagocytic cells that travel within circulation before migrating into tissues where they engulf bacteria and secrete lysozomes. |
| What are eosinophils? | They are a type of granulocyte (white blood cell) that respond to inflammation by migrating into tissues and destroying inflammatory chemical such as histamine. |
| What are basophils? | They are a type of granulocyte (white blood cell) that contains both histamine and heparin. |
| What does histamine do? | It increases the inflammatory response. |
| What does heparin do? | It acts as an inhibitor of blood clotting. |
| What are lymphocytes? | There are two types of lymphocytes: B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. B lymphocytes are responsible for forming antibodies while T lymphocytes lead a cellular attack against viruses and infected/cancerous cells. |
| What are monocytes? | They are a type of agranulocyte (white blood cell) that migrate through circulation, transforming into phagocyctic macrophages and then entering into the tissues. |
| What are macrophages? | They are responsible for stimulating other cells by releasing chemical signals and through the processing and presenting of foreign particles for recognition by lymphocytes. |
| What are platelets? | They are cell fragments formed by megakarocytes. They play a major role in hemeostasis; stoppage of bleeding. They aid in the establishment of blood clots( coagulation). |
| What are the stages of hemeostasis? | 1) Vascular spasms 2) Platelet plug formation 3) Coagulation |
| What is the extrinsic pathway? | The extrinsic pathway is initiated by factors released by damaged tissues. |
| What is the intrinsic pathway? | The intrinsic pathway responds to damaged blood vessels. |
| What is prothrombinase? | Activated factors X along with factor V, calcium, and phospholipids form this enzyme. This enzyme converts prothrombin to thrombin. |
| What is thrombin? | it has two major roles. 1) It is responsible for converting fibrinogen to fibrin (forms fibrous net) 2) It activates factor XIII (stabilizing agent) These two together trap cells and develop into blood clots. |
| What is the most important blood grouping for blood transfusions? | ABO and Rh blood groupings |
| If a person has blood type A, what type of antigen and antibodies would it have? | They would have A-antigen and anti-B antibodies. |
| Describe the components of the Rh antigen. Give an example. | You can either be Rh-positive or Rh-negative. Rh reactions require sensitization of the Rh antigen, which means that an Rh-negative individual must be exposed to a Rh-positive blood in order for it to develop the antibodies. (Rh - woman has Rh + child) |
| What is HDN? How can it be prevented? | Hemolytic disease of the newborn or erythroblastosis fetalis. Results from the Rh -/+ incidence of mother to newborn. Can be prevented with a RhoGAM shot given to mother. |
| Which side of the heart has deoxygenated blood and which has oxygenated blood? | The right side has deoxygenated blood and the left side has oxygenated blood. |
| Does arteries route blood into or out of the heart? | It routes the blood out of the heart. |
| Does veins route the blood into or out of the heart? | It routes the blood into the heart. |
| What is the exterior cover of the heart called? | The pericardium; composed of a fibrous pericardium and a serous pericardium. |
| What are the three layers of the wall of the heart? Describe each layer. | The epicardium, the myocardium, and the endocardium. 1)Smooth and slick 2)thickest layer and composed of cardiac muscle 3)forms the inner lining of the heart; it's composed of simple squamous epithelium that provides smooth surface facilitating blood f |
| What is the SA node? | It is found in the right atria and it is a pacemaker of the heart located near the junction of the superior vena cava. Action potentials produced at the SA nodes spread through the adjacent cells of the right atria reaching the AV node quickly. |
| What is the AV node? | Action potentials move slower here resulting in slower transmission of action potent. form the AV node to AV bundle. Allows completion of atrial contraction to occur before ventricle contraction occurs. |
| What kind of technology records events occurring in the heart? Describe it. | An electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG); P wave is caused by action potential triggering atrial depolarization. QRS complex is the result of ventricular depolarization; Atrial repolarization. T wave represents repolarization of ventricles. |
| What does systole mean? | It refers to the contraction of cardiac muscle. |
| What does diastole mean? | It refers to the relaxation of the cardiac muscle. |
| What is the pulmonary circuit? | It consists of blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs (becomes oxygenated) and then back to the left atrium of the heart. |
| What is the systematic circuit? | It carries blood from the left ventricle to all the parts of the body and returning it back to the right atrium. |
| What are the three layers of blood vessels? | 1) tunica intima: the innermost layer that contains endothelium, lamina propia, and an internal elastic membrane 2) tunica media; circularly arranged smooth muscle responsible for vasocontriction/vasodilation 3) tunica adventitia; connective tissue |
| What are elastic arteries? | They are large in diameter and are high pressure arteries. Have extensive elastic tissue with relatively small amnts of smooth muscle tissue. |
| What are muscular arteries? | Have a thick tunica media with well developed internal elastic membrane. |
| What are arterioles arteries? | They lack an internal elastic membrane and have a relatively thin tunica media but are capable of vasodilation and vasoconstriction. |
| Where are capillary beds found? | Between arterioles and venules. |
| What is blood pressure? | The measure of force pushing against blood vessel walls. |
| What is blood flow? | The volume of blood passing through a vessel within a specific time. Occurs as a result of pressure gradients; always flows from high to low pressures. Larger press. gradient=larger blood flow. |
| What does Poiseuille's Law state? | A small change in the diameter of a vessel has a large effect on resistance, resulting in changes in blood flow. |
| What is MAP? | It is the mean arterial pressure= the avg aortic pressure. It is determined by the cardiac output (CO) times the peripheral resistance (PR). CO = heart rate X stroke volume |
| What is pulse pressure? | The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure within blood vessels. It's greatest at the aorta and decreases moving into the arteries and arterioles. |
| How does viscosity level affect the heart? What causes viscosity level to raise? | Viscosity levels above 3-4 increase the workload of the heart. Hematocrit influences viscosity of blood. |
| Where does the exchange of substances occur in your body? | It occurs in the capillaries. This includes respiratory gases, nutrients, and hormones cross through by diffusion/filtration. |
| What is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone? | A mech regulating blood pres. by altering peripheral resist. & blood vol. Renin; enzyme released by kidney reducing blood flow producing Angiotensin I that converts to Angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor. Aldosterone causes kidney to reabsorb H2O & soldium. |
| What does ADH and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone do together? | They help maintain blood pressure within a hemeostatic range. |
Created by:
jyang9
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