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Psych 230 EXAM 2
Infancy & Childhood
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Piaget's Cognitive Theory | Children actively construct schemes for interpreting their experiences. |
| Piaget's Cognitive theory includes: | A state of equilibrium, A new idea of thought, Disequilibrium, then Adaption. Adaption can include: assimilation- sticking with old ideas OR accomodation: adjustment so new idea matches reality. |
| Object Permanence | Understanding that objects still exist, even when they are out of sight. Babies under 8 months due not grasp this concept. |
| Piaget's stages of development | Sensorimotor (0-2), Pre-operational (2-7), Concrete operations (8-11), Formal operations(12+) |
| Sensorimotor Stage | A stage of exploration to figure out how the world works. We think with our senses and explore with gradual developing motor skills. |
| Piaget's Primary Circular Reaction: | Occurs from 1 to 4 months. Repetitive self-focused exploration by accident. ie- sucking toes or thumb |
| Piaget's Secondary Circular Reaction: | Occurs from 4 to 12 months. Repetitive object focused exploration. At 8 months, exploring becomes intentional. |
| Piaget's Teritiary Circular Reaction: | Occurs from 1 to 2 years. Intentional "flexible" exploration. |
| Symbolic capacity | Occurs during the teritary circular reaction at about 18 months. When an infant is capable of holding on to memories to symbolize what is not physically there. Helps them understand. |
| Sensorimotor stage: Deferred Imitation | Babies at about 8 months, will imitate an adults previous day actions, signifying that they remember. |
| Sensorimotor stage: Make-believe play | emerges at 1 year |
| Sensorimotor stage Means-end Behavior | A 2 year olds ability to mentally solve a problem. ie- turn the knob to open a door. |
| What are some flaws with Piagets Sensorimotor stage? | 1. Piaget underestimated infants. Object permanance really occurs around 3-4 months 2. Piaget over emphasized stages. Cognitive development is actually gradual. |
| What is an accurate assumption from Piaget's sensorimotor stage? | That infants actively adapt through a process that evaluates reality. |
| What are 3 ways infants learn through people? | 1. Looking and attention ( joint attention) 2. Emotions adults display 3. Behaviors |
| What is cooing? When does it occur? | Cooing is when an infant makes vowel sounds starting at 1-2 months. |
| What is Babbling? When does it occur? | Babbling is vowel and consonant sounds at 3-4 months. |
| What are the two types of Gestures babies use that are important for learning language? | Declarative- when a baby points, indicating something used to be there. Imperative- A baby declares a need (arms up to get picked up) |
| Holophrase | A babies first words are verbalized at around 1 year. |
| Telegraphic speech | When an infant puts 2 words together. ie- "me eat" |
| What are 3 ways we soak up language? | 1. It is biologically programmed- phoneme perception 2. We are motivated to communicate- turn-taking 3. We are surrounded by language- infant directed speech (good) |
| Is infant-directed speech harmful to a child's development? | No, infant-directed speech has actually been proven to help infants learn by getting their attention and slowing down the phrases so they can process them. They are also more in-tuned to the tone versus the content when they're younger. |
| When does the social smile first start? | 6 weeks. |
| When does the social smile first appear from social interaction? | 2 months. |
| What are some of the infants developing skills of social interactions? | Eye contact, visual tracking, cooing, and reaching are all rewarding for parents to reciprocate. |
| In the video clip displaying an example of face-to-face interaction, What was the study performed and what were the findings? | Measuring a childs reaction if their mom disengaged in interaction. When the mother did a "still face paradigm" the child flailed his arms and tried to entice the mother to reengage. This study found that children understand how social interaction works. |
| What are 2 discriminating social patterns that occur from 7-8months? | Separation anxiety & Stranger reactions (weariness around unfamiliar people.) |
| What is social referencing? When does it occur? | Social referencing occurs from 11 to 12 months and is when infants look to the primary caregiver to understand the environment to determine what is safe and unsafe. |
| What is an attachment relationship? When does it occur? How is security measured? | An attachment relationship is a close and enduring emotional bond. All infants form one but, the security varies. Occurs at 1 year. The security is measured by "the reunion". |
| What are the 4 infant attachment classifications | 1. Secure 2. Avoidant 3. Anxious-ambivalent 4. Disorganized |
| Why is having a secure attachment important? | The infant is able to regulate emotions, explore the environment, and learn about relationships. |
| In Eriksons Psychosocial Theory, what two outcomes that can occur in INFANCY? (ages 0-1) | Infancy can produce a basic trust (positive outcome) or mistrust (negative outcome) |
| In Eriksons Psychosocial Theory, what two outcomes can occur in TODDLERHOOD? (ages 1-2) | Toddlerhood can produce autonomy, the desire to be independent, which occurs around 18 months. If we don't allow toddlers to be autonomists (little scientists/terrible 2's), then shame & doubt can occur from parents doing tasks for us (negative). |
| What are normative emotions? | The pattern of development of emotions that a typical infant shows. |
| When does the primary emotion happiness occur in an infants 1st year of life? | Happiness occurs around 3 to 4 months. |
| When does the primary emotions anger & sadness (negative arousals) occur in an infants 1st year of life? | Anger & sadness occurs around 4-6 months |
| When does the primary emotion fear (a negative arousal) occur in infants? | Fear occurs around 6 months |
| When does the secondary emotions, embarrassment & shame occur in early childhood? | Embarrassment & shame occur around 18- 24 months |
| When does the secondary emotions, pride, guilt, and envy occur in childhood early childhood? | Pride, guilt, and envy occur at 3 years of life. |
| When does a childs self-concept develop and what is it linked to? | A child's self-concept develops at around 18 months of age and is linked to secondary emotions |
| What is self-concept? | Self concept is when we know others are evaluating us and what their standards are. |
| What is the shift from external to internal expectations in early childhood? | External expectations are when a reaction from another person/parent influences the child to feel a certain way. As we get older we internalize the expectations of others instead of looking for cues from our parents. |
| Temperament | constitutionally-based (affected by genes) individual differences in emotional & behavioral responses to environment that tend to be stable. |
| Thomas & Chess's longitudinal study on TEMPERAMENT placed babies in three different categories: | Easy, slow-to-warm-up, difficult (risk-factor for future psychological problems) |
| Intense arousal to external stimuli in infancy (4 months) is linked to what type of temperament in the child's future? | shyness/inhibition |
| How does temperament influence child development? | May enhance vulnerability or resiliency. "Goodness of Fit" can either positively or negatively. The more EXTREME temperaments influence development. |
| What is symbolic thinking in early childhood? | A child can soak up language, participate in make-believe play, and understand dual representation ( an object and what it represents) |
| What is the main limitation of a child's thought process? | they are illogical |
| What is logical thinking in middle childhood? | The child has realistic reasoning, multiple dimensions of thinking, and can process numbers and order. |
| What is concrete thinking in middle childhood? | The child can be logical, but no think abstractly |
| Appearance reality | Childrens understanding of the basic reality. ie- 4 yr old looks at outward experience, 8 yr old focuses on the logical concept. |
| Conservation tasks | The ability to operate tasks logically |
| Decentration | When a child decenters away from a problem, they are able to think about more than 1 variable at a time. |
| Reversability | If we perform a logical operation, we can reverse the action back to it's original state. |
| Hierarchal classification | Distinguishing between groups |
| What are 2 critiques of Piaget's work with ideas about childhood? | He underestimated pre-school aged children and downplayed social context of cognitive development. |
| What is Vygotsky's sociocultural theory? | The theory that children develop in a social and cultural context. And what the mentor does, directly affects how the child develops. |
| Zone of Proximal Development | The area where learning occurs. The difference btwn what the child can do by himself and his potential |
| Scaffolding | used to teach new skills. Tailoring a concept to fit that certain age group, so a child can grasp an understanding. |
| Would a child in the preoperational stage of development be more likely to center or decenter? | center |
| metacognition | awareness and understanding of mental activity |
| Desire Psychology | Occurs around 2 to 3 years. "What people want" determines behavior |
| Belief-Desire Psychology | Occurs around 4+ years. Children understand "What people want" AND "What people know". ie- a child might understand that they can deceive the babysitter since they know they each have separate minds of thought. |
| Executive function | A child is able to distinguish a change in rules for example. Our brains multi-task |
| In Eriksons Psychosocial Theory, what two outcomes that can occur in EARLY CHILDHOOD ? | In early childhood, initiative develops, joy to reach tasks and goals. Helps build self-esteem. However, if the child is fearful, he'll develop a sense of guilt. |
| In Eriksons Psychosocial Theory, what two outcomes that can occur in MIDDLE CHILDHOOD? | In middle childhood, industry develops. The child is interested in developing a sense of competence and social skills. If child is unable to build confidence, then inferiority develops. |
| How would a being from early childhood describe their self-concept? | The child would use observable characteristics as if they are in a bubble. (brown hair, sex, activities. |
| How would a being from 5 to 6 years of age describe their self-concept? | The child would use psychological characteristics that describe emotions and attitudes. |
| How would a being from 7 to 8 years of age describe their self-concept? | The child would use psychological traits & competencies are more understood. They also compare the traits to others. Balance, integration, and assessment begin. |
| How would one in early childhood describe their self-esteem? | unrealistically positive |
| How would one in middle childhood describe their self-esteem? | with more realistic expectations than early childhood. Kids start to evaluate themselves close to their peers. |
| What parenting recommendations would you have for a parent trying to keep a high self-esteem? | Be supportive but, not too overbearing. |
| How would a mastery orientated child view their successes and failures? | A success would be associated with their abilities and hard work. If they fail at a task, then they will understand that they can improve by changing controllable factors. |
| How would a learned helplessness child view their successes and failures? | A success would be due to external factors such as a teacher graded easier than normal. Failure is inevitable, since the child will most likely give up since hard work will make no difference in their eyes. |
| How should a parent praise a child in order for them to have mastery orientated achievement? | Focus on the child's effort instead of praising their traits. ie- "All that hard work really paid off!" vs. "Good job, you're so smart." |
| When does the concept of gender in a childs mind develop? | From 2- 3 years of age. Before the age of 6/7/ gender is only external. |
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laurenmm21
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