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Bio Exam B
Lymphatic System and Respiroatory System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 2 parts of the lymphatic system | lymphatic vessels & lymphoid tissue and organs |
| Lymphatic system functions | transports escaped fluids back to the blood & Role in immunity |
| Lymph | (clear water) Excess tissue fluid carried by lymphatic vessels |
| Lymphatic vessels are circulatory or one-way? | One-way |
| How does lymph move towardsthe heart? | Milking action of skeletal muscles & rythmic contraction of muscle in vessel walls |
| Lymphedema | Anything preventing return of lymph to the blood. Causes swelling |
| lymphatic capillaries function | collects fluid |
| Why does lymph stay in the capillaries once inside? | Higher pressure inside the capillaries closes minivalves |
| How are lymph capillaries anchored? | to connective tissue by filaments |
| Three functions of lymphatic collecting vessels | collect lymph from lymph capillaries & carry lymph to and away from lymph nodes & carry lymph to circulatory veins near the heart. |
| What two ducts is fluid returned to the circulatory system through? | Right lymphatic duct & thoracic duct |
| right lymphactic duct | drains lymph from right arm, right side of the head & the thorax |
| thoracic duct | drains lymph from the rest of the body |
| Lymphangitis | inflammatimphation of lyphatic vessels |
| 2 ways lymph nodes help protect the body | by removing foreign material from lymph to examine for danger & produces lymphocytes that function in immunity |
| Macrophages | engluf and destroy substances in the lymph before it is returned to the blood |
| Lymphocytes | main warriors, provide immune response to antigens |
| which defense cell differentiates into B and T cells | lymphocytes |
| shape and lenght of lymph nodes | kidney-shaped and about 1" long |
| capsule of lymph node | extends inward to devide node into compartments |
| What is part of a lymph node is the cortex? | outer part |
| what 2 things does the cortex of the contain? | follicles & collections of lymphocytes |
| Lymph enters the convex side of a lymph node through which kind of lymphatic vessels? | Afferent |
| Lymph exits a lymph node through what kind of lymphatic vessel? | efferent |
| There are fewer or more efferent lymphatic vessels causing flow to be slowed? | fewer |
| where are phagocytic macrophages located in the lymph nodes | medulla |
| lymphoid organs (5) | spleen, thymus, tonsils, peyer's patches, appendix |
| spleen's role | site for lymphocyte prolipheration, filters blood, destroys worn out blood cells, forms RBCs in the fetus, acts as a blood resevoir |
| red pulp – spleen | lots of macrophages. works to dispose of worn out RBCs and BB pathogens |
| white pulp – spleen | mostly lymphocytes- involved in immune functions of the spleen |
| splenectomy | removal of the spleen to prevent hemmorhage or death |
| thymus gland's role | produces horomones to program lymphocytes |
| Peak function period of the thymus gland | during childhood |
| Tonsils' role | trap and remove bacteria and other foreign materials |
| tonsilitis is caused by | congestion with bacteria |
| Peyer's patches location | wall of small intestine |
| role of Peyer's Patches | capture and destroy bacteria |
| MALT | Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue |
| MALT includes (3) | Peyer's Patches & Tonsils & Other small accumulations of lymphoid tissue |
| Functions of MALT | acts as sentinel to protect respiratory and digestive tracts |
| two defense mechanisms for foreign materials | innate and adaptive |
| Immunity | specific resistance to disease |
| another name for innate defense system | nonspecific defense system |
| another name for adaptive defense system | specific defense system |
| nonspecific system reacts fast/slow? | fast |
| 2 lines of defense of nonspecific system | intacts skin/mucosa & antimicrobial, Pro, phagocytes, other cells/hallmark-inflammation |
| specific defense is which line of defense? | third |
| third line of defense | attack particular invaders |
| What kinds of mechanical barrier to pathogens are included in the first line of defense? | body surface coverings & specialized human cells & chemicals produced by the body |
| protective secretions of skin & mucous membranes | pH of skin is acidic, sebum is toxic to bacteria & vaginal secretions are very acidic |
| stomach mucosa secretes | hydrochloric acid & has protein-digesting enzymes |
| Saliva and lacrimal fluid contain | lysozomes |
| Lysozomes | in saliva and lacrimal fluid. Destroys bacteria |
| mucous's role in immunity | traps microorganisms in digestive and repiratory pathmways |
| Second line of defense uses | natural killer cells, inflammatory response, phagocytes, antimicrobial proteins, fever |
| NK | Natural Killer Cells |
| Natural Killer Cells (NK) role | destroy infected and cancerous cells |
| Natural Killer cells do NOT | phagocytosis |
| How do NK destroy infected and cancerous cells? | Can lyse (desinigrate or dissolve) cells |
| What chemical do NKs release to target cell's membrane? | perforin |
| inflammatory response is a part of which line of defense? | second |
| infammatory response triggered by | body tissues being injured |
| four most common indicators of acute inflammation | redness, heat, swelling, pain |
| What is the 5th sign of inflammation | imaired function |
| Inflammation is benifical because | triggers chain of event leading to protection and healing |
| Beneficial effects/functions of inflammation (3) | prevents spread of damaging agents & disposes of debris and pathogens & initiates repair |
| Neutrophils' role in inflammaroty response | Neutrophils migrate to the area of inflammation and consume any foreign material |
| Neutrophils navigate blood vessels how? | by rolling along the vessel walls |
| postitive chemotaxis | neutrophils gather in the precise site of tissue unjury |
| inflammation process begins what to active macrophages | chemical "alarm" by flooding chemicals into extracellular fluid |
| When macrophages receptors get activated this triggers what? | the release of cytokins |
| cytokins do what? | promote inflammation and attract WBCs |
| Name several inflammation mediators | macrophages, lymphocytes, mast cells, blood, proteins, histamine, kinins, |
| Which inflammation mediators caise vasodilation and increased permiability in the injured area? | histamine, kinins, PGs |
| kinins are a | protein |
| PGs are | fatty acid molecules |
| Hyperaemia | redness |
| Edema | swelling |
| Exudates | drainage |
| what causes pain at the site of injury | from release of bacterial toxins, lack of nutrition to cells in the area, & sensitizing effects of PG and kinins |
| How does ibuprofen work on inflammation/pain | prevents PG synthesis |
| positive effects of swelling d/t inflammation | dilute harmful substances, bring more 02 & nutrients needed for repair, allows for entry of clotting PRO |
| neutrophils and macrophages are what kind of WBCs | phagocytes |
| neutophils are seen when inflammation is acute/chronic? | acute |
| monocytes are seen when inflammation is acute/chronic | chronic |
| phagocytes are a part of which line of defense? | second |
| how do phagocytes dispose of material/bacteria | engulf foreign material into vacule & enzymes from lysosomes digest the material |
| neutrophils clean up | damaged tissue/pathogens |
| Monocytes become | macrophages |
| Macorphages then complete | disposal of cell debris |
| Why are phagocyte attempts are not always successful? | Phagocytes adhere to pathogens by recognizing it signature carbohydrate |
| creamy yellow pus | mixture of dead/dying neutrophils, tissue, pathogens |
| correct way to collect pus cx | makd sure to take tissue as well as pus |
| abscess | when inflammation mechanisms fail, the sac of pus may be walled off by collagen fibers to keep the infection from spreading |
| antimicrobial proteins are a part of which line of defense? | second |
| role of antimicrobial proteins | attack microorganisms & inder reproduction of microorganisms |
| most important intimicrobial proteins | complemet proteins and interferon |
| when are antimicrobial proteins activated | when they encounter and attach to cells |
| How do antimicrobial proteins fucntion in immunity | damage foreign cell surfaces, cause opsonization |
| CRP | clinical marker of acute inflammation |
| Interferon | secreted by virus-infected cells, non virus specific. Binds to healthy cell surfaces to inhibit spread of virus to healthy cells |
| fever in a part of which line of defense | second |
| fever is in response to | pyrogens secreted by leukocytes and macrophages |
| How does fever help? | inhibit release of iron and zinc needed by bacteria & increases speed of tissue repair |
| Third line of defense is | Adaptive Defense - immunity to s specific threat |
| Three aspects of adaptive defense | antigen specific & systemic & memory |
| antigen specific adaptive defense | recognizes and scts against particular foreign substances |
| systemic adaptive defense | not restricted to the initial infection site |
| memory adaptive defense | recognizes and mounts a stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens |
| humoral immunity is a part of which line of defense? | thrid line of defense |
| humoral immunity is mediated by | antibodies |
| cellulat immunity is a part of which line of defense? | third |
| cellular immunity is mediated by | the cells. |
| Cellulat immunity targets | cirus-infected cells, cancer cells, and cells of foreign grafts |
| Antigens | any substance capable of exciting the immune system and provoking an immune response |
| self-antigens | do not trigger an immune respionse in oursleves, but will in others |
| allergies | haptems/incomplete antigens link up with our cells and our system my respond to the combination |
| lympohocytes are differentiated into what two kinds? | T cells and B cells |
| Where are T cells matured? | thymus |
| Where are B cells matured? | Bone |
| Immunocompetent | cell becomes ca[able of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it |
| where do lymphocytes originate? | hemocytoblasts in the red bone marrow |
| what do macrophages arise from | monocytes |
| where might you find macrophages | lymphoid organs - tend to remain fixed in them |
| How do B lymphcytes to their job? | bind to antigen, undergoes clonal selection, |
| Most B lymphocytes become what kind of cell | plasma cells |
| How long does B cell activity tend to last? | 4-5 days |
| B cells that do not become plasma become what? | memory cells |
| Memory cells allow for quick/slow response? | quick |
| Secondary response to an anitgen is (2) | stronger and longer lasting |
| Acive immunity occurs when | B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies |
| active immunity can be (2) aquired? | naturally acquired & artificall acquired |
| naturally acquired active immunity | infection; contact with a pathogen |
| naturally acquired passive immunity | antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placent or to infant via milk |
| artificially acquired active immunity | vaccine |
| artificially acquired passive immunity | injection of immune serum (gamma globulin) |
| passive immunity occurs when | antibodies are obtained from someone else |
| During passive immunity, immunological memory does/not ocuur | does not |
| monoclonal antibodies | antibodies prepared clinically to respond to only one antigen (cancer treatment) |
| what is considered the gamma globulin part of the blood | Igs - immunoglobulins – antibodies |
| basic structure of every antibody includes | four amino acid chains linked by disulfide bonds |
| heavy chain | two linked identical amino acid chains. Different from the other two chains in the antibody |
| light chain | two linked identical amino acid chains different from the other two chains in the antibody |
| MADGE | Five antibody classes: IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE |
| IgM | can fix a complement |
| IgA | found mainly in mucous |
| IgD | important in activation of B cells |
| IgG | can cross the placental barrier and fix complement |
| IgE | involved in allergies |
| Four ways antibodies function | complement fixation & neuralization & Agglutination & Precipitation |
| Neutralization | binds to dangerous parts of anitgens |
| Agglutination | neutralization of cellbound antigens causing clumping of foreign cells |
| Precipitation | cross-linking of soluble antigens causing them to become insoluble |
| neutralization, agglutination, and precipitation enhance what? | phagocytosis |
| complement results in | lyse of antigen |
| Helper T cells do what? | act as the "directors" or "managers of the immune system |
| Cytotoxic T cells need Helper T cells? | Helper T cells let cytotoxic (killer) T cells know which cells to attack |
| regulatory T cells | release chemicals to suppress the activity of both T & B cells |
| memory cells | Clones of T cells that keep the immunological memory of the antigen and enable the body to respond quickly to it again |
| autografts | tissue grafts transplanted from one site to another in the same person |
| example of autografts | bypass surgery |
| isografts | tissue donated by a genetically identical person - i.e. twin |
| allografts | tissue grafts taken from a person opther than an identical twin |
| Xenografts | tissue taken from a different animal species |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | autoimmune disease that systematically destroys joints |
| myasthenia gravis | impairs communication between nerves and skeletal muscles |
| Multiple sclerosis (MS) | destroys the with matter (myelin sheath) of the brain and spinal cord |
| Grave's disease | thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroxine |
| Type 1 diabetes mellitus | destroys pancreatic beta cells resulting in deficient production of insulin |
| Systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE) | systematic disease occuring mainly in young women and particularly affects the kidneys, heart, lungs, and skin |
| Glomerulonephritis | severe impairment of kidney function |
| s/s fo anaphylaxis | hives, watery eyes, asthma type s/s, swollen tongue, hypotensive shock, death within minutes |
| Why may a pt. go into hypotensive shock during anaphylaxis? | d/t sudden vasodilation |
| AIDS inhibits immunity how? | By destroying Helper T cells. Without a way to find the antigens the lymph nodes overload with virus causing immune system to collapse |
| Lymphoid organs before birth | are poorly developed |
| newborns do/ do not have functioning lymphocytes | do not have functioning lymphocytes |
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