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Ecology Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| polyphenism | environment influences phenotype of an organism (spadefoot toad tadpoles) |
| allometry | how different body parts grow at different rates. leads to variation |
| fitness | results in evolution, how many genes you pass on to the next generation |
| who reproduces sexually? | mammals and birds mostly |
| who reproduces asexually? | fish, insects, reptiles, amphibians, protists. |
| isogamy | sexes and gametes are same size |
| anisogamy | females produce few expensive gametes, males produce many cheap gametes |
| Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction | cost of meiosis, cost of males, outbreeding depression |
| Advantages of Sexual Reproduction | Red Queen- sexual reproduction allows you to stay ahead of parasites/pathogens. variability among offspring |
| gonochronistic | single sex, fixed a birth |
| parthenogenetic | sexual reproduction without a partner. embryos grow without being fertilized |
| simultaneous hermaphrodites | function as male and female at the same time |
| sequential hermaphrodites | start life as one sex, change to another |
| protandrous | male first, female second. clownfish |
| protogynous | female first, male second. blue headed wrasse. |
| why be a male/female later? | male later- big, protect your territory. female later- energy to make eggs |
| promiscuous | both sexes with multiple partners |
| polygyny | one male, multiple females. 97% of mammals |
| reasons for and variations of polygyny | leks- "bar", male displays. resource defense- males territory has great resources. harem- one male prevents females from leaving. male dominance. female choice- lek system allows this. |
| polyandry | one female, many males. rare but common in birds bc male birds can incubate eggs and feed offspring (mammals need females to milk) |
| double clutching | female lays multiple "clutches" of eggs and gets them all raised. probably happens bc of high cost to females of raising young |
| monogamy | mating pair remains together over time. (lifetime, seasonal, serial) |
| Secondary Sex Characteristics | monomorphic, permanently dimorphic, sesonally dimorphic, polymorphic. |
| monomorphic | males and females look alike |
| permanently dimorphic | mature sexes are distinguishable. humans |
| seasonally dimorphic | mature sexes distinguishable only at spawning time |
| polymorphic | tiny sneaky males look like females, bigger territorial males let you hang out around their territory because they think you are female. |
| altricial vs. precocial | dependent at birth vs. independent at birth |
Created by:
mlux
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