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Step 1: Associations
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Actinic (solar) keratosis | Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma |
| Acute gastric ulcer associated w/ CNS injury | Cushing's ulcer (increase ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion) |
| Acute gastric ulcer associated w/ severe burns | Curling's ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa) |
| Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon | Skip lesions (Crohn's) |
| Aneurysm, dissecting | HTN |
| Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta | Atherosclerosis |
| Aortic aneurysm, ascending | Marfan syndrome |
| Atrophy of the mamillary bodies | Wernicke's encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency, causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion) |
| Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage) | Sickle cell anemia (HbS) |
| Bacteria associated w/ gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer | H. pylori |
| Bacterial meningitidis (adults, elderly) | Neisseria meningitidis |
| Bacterial meningitidis (newborns, kids) | Group B strep, S. pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis |
| Benign melanocytic nevus | Spitz nevus (most common in 1st 2 decades) |
| Bleeding disorder w/GpIb deficiency | Bernard Soulier disease (defect in platelet adhesion to von willebrand factors) |
| Brain tumors (adults) | Supratentorial: mets > astrocytoma > meningioma > schwannoma |
| Bran tumor (kids) | Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or Supratentorial: craniopharyngioma |
| Breast cancer | Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (in US 1 in 9 women will develop breast cancer) |
| Breast mass | 1. Fibrocystic change 2. Carcinoma (in post menopausal women) |
| Breast tumor (benign) | Fibroadenoma |
| Cardiac primary tumor | Rhabdomyoma (often seen in tuberous sclerosis) |
| Cardiac manifestation in lupus | Libman-Sacks endocarditis!!! Nonbacterial, affecting both sides of the mitral valve |
| Cardiac tumor in adults | 1. Metastasis 2. Primary Myxoma |
| Cerebellar tonsillar manifestation | Chiari malformation (often presents with progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia) |
| Chronic arrhythmia | A Fib (associated w/ high risk of emboli) |
| Chronic atrophic gastritis | Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia) |
| Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina | DES exposure |
| Compression fracture | Osteoporosis (type I: post menopausal women; type II: elderly man or woman) |
| CAH, hypotension | 21-hydroxylase deficiency |
| Congenital cardiac anomaly | VSD |
| Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia | Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin in bile) |
| Constrictive pericarditis | Tuberculosis (developing world), SLE (developed world) |
| Coronary artery involved in thrombosis | LAD > RCA > LCA |
| Cretinism | Iodine deficit / hypothyroidism |
| Cushing's syndrome | 1. Corticosteroid therapy 2. Excess ACTH secretion by pituitary 3. Small cell lung carcinoma |
| Cyanosis (early: less common) | Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus |
| Cyanosis (late; more common) | VSD, ASD, PDA |
| Death in CML | Blast crisis |
| Death in SLE | Lupus nephropathy |
| Dementia | 1. Alzheimer's disease 2. Multiple infarcts |
| Demyelinating disease in young women | Multiple sclerosis |
| DIC | gram negative sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burn trauma |
| Dietary deficit | Iron |
| Diverticulum in pharynx | Zenker's diverticulum |
| Ejection click | Aortic/pulmonic stenosis |
| Esophageal cancer | Squamous cell carcinoma (WORLDWIDE), Adenocarcinoma (US) |
| Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated) | S. aureus, B. cereus |
| Glomerulonephritis (ADULTS) | Berger's disease (IgA nephropathy) |
| Gynecologic malignancy | Endometrial carcinoma (most common in US); Cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide) |
| Heart murmur, congenital | MVP (mitral valve prolapse) |
| Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis | Mitral (rheumatic fever), Tricuspid (IV drug abuse), Aortic (2nd affected in rheumatic fever) |
| Helminth infection | 1. Enterobius vermicularis 2. Ascaris lumbricoides |
| Hematoma (epidural) | Rupture of mid meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped) |
| Hematoma (subdural) | Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped) |
| Hemochromatosis | Multiple blood transfusions, or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, "bronze diabetes" and increase risk hepatocellular carcinoma |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | Cirrhotic liver (associated with hep B and C) |
| Hereditary bleeding disorder | von Willebrand's disease |
| Hereditary harmless jaundice | Gilbert's syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia) |
| HLA-B27 | Ankylosing spondylitis, Reiters syndrome, UC, psoriasis |
| HLA-DR3 or DR4 | DM type I, RA, SLE |
| Holosystolic murmur | VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation |
| Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis | Virchows triad (results in venous thrombosis) |
| Hypertension, secondary | Renal disease |
| Hypoparathyroidism | Accidental excision during thyroidectomy |
| Infection secondary to blood transfusion | Hep C |
| Infections in chronic granulomatous disease | Catalase positive - E. Coli, Staph Aureus, Aspergillus |
| Kidney stones | 1. Calcium = radioopaque 2. Struvite = radioopaque 3. Uric acid = radiolucent |
| Late cyanotic shunt | Uncorrected L-->R becomes R-->L, Eisenmenger's syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA) |
| Liver disease | Alcoholic cirrhosis |
| Lysosomal storage disease | Gauchers disease |
| Male cancer | Prostatic carcinoma |
| Malignancy associated with NON infectious fever | Hodgkins lymphoma |
| Malignant skin tumor | Basal cell carcinoma |
| Mental retardation | Down syndrome, Fragile X |
| Metastases to bone | Breast, lung, thyroid, testes, prostate, kidney |
| Metastases to brain | Lung, breast, skin, kidney, GI |
| Metastases to liver | Colon, gastric, pancreatic, breast, lung carcinomas |
| Mitochondrial inheritance | Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited thru females only |
| Mitral valve stenosis | Rheumatic heart disease |
| Mixed motor neuron disease | ALS |
| Myocarditis | Coxsackie B |
| Neoplasm (kids) | 1. ALL, 2. Cerebellar medulloblastoma |
| Nephrotic syndrome (adults) | Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis |
| Nephrotic syndrome (kids) | Minimal change disease |
| Neuron migration failure | Kallmann syndrome |
| Nosocomial pneumonia | Klebsiella, E coli, Pseudomonas |
| Obstruction of male genital tract | BPH |
| Opening snap | Mitral stenosis |
| Opportunistic infections in AIDS | Pneumocytis jiroveci |
| Osteomyelitis | S. aureus |
| Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease | Salmonella |
| Osteomyelitis in IV drug abuse | S. aureus, Pseudomonas |
| Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma | Krukenberg tumor (mucin secreting signet ring cells) |
| Pancreatitis Acute and chronic | Acute - gallstones, alcohol, Chronic - alcohol, CF |
| Patient with ALL, CLL, AML, CML | ALL: child, CLL: adult, AML: adult about 60, CML: adult 30-60 |
| Pelvic inflammatory disease | Neisseria gonorrhoeae (monoarticular arthritis) |
| Philadelphia chromosome | 9; 22 (CML) bcr-abl |
| Pituitary tumor | 1. Prolactinoma 2. Somatotropic "acidophilic" adenoma |
| Primary amenorrhea | Turner syndrome XO |
| Primary bone tumor | Multiple myeloma |
| Primary hyperaldosteronism | Adenoma of adrenal cortex |
| Primary parathyroidism | 1. Adenomas, 2. Hyperplasia, 3. Carcinoma |
| Primary liver cancer | Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemachromatosis, a1-antitrypsin) |
| Pulmonary HTN | COPD |
| Renal tumor | Renal cell carcinoma (associated with vHL and adult polycystic kidney disease |
| Right heart failure, due to a pulmonary cause | Cor pulmonale |
| S3 | increase ventricular filling |
| S4 | Still hypertrophic ventricle |
| Secondary hyperparathyroidism | Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease |
| Sexually transmitted disease | Chlamydia (usually coinfected with gonorrhea) |
| SIADH | Small cell carcinoma of lung |
| Site of diverticula | Sigmoid colon |
| Sites of atherosclerosis | Abdominal aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid |
| Stomach cancer | Adenocarcinoma |
| Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels | ZE syndrome |
| t (14; 18) | Follicular lymphoma |
| t (8; 14) | Burkitt's lymphoma (c-myc) |
| t (9; 22) | Philadelphia chromosome (CML) |
| Temporal arteritis | Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of opthalmic artery |
| Testicular tumor | Seminoma |
| Thyroid cancer | Papillary carcinoma |
| Tumor in women | Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, non precancerous) |
| Tumor of infancy | Hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood) |
| Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults) | Pheochromocytoma (usually benign) |
| Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids) | Neuroblastoma |
| Type of Hodgkin's | Nodular sclerosis -vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion |
| Type of NON Hodgkin's | Diffuse large cell |
| UTI | E. coli, staph saprophytocus (young women) |
| Viral encephalitis | HSV-1 |
| Vitamin def | Folic acid (pregnant women, are at high risk; body stores only 3-4 month supply; prevents neural tube defects |
Created by:
092309
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