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Immunology Final
| Question | Answer | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| lymphocytes | These cells derive from those of the lymphoid lineage. B cells fully differentiate in the bone marrow while T cells finish their differentiation in the thymus | ||
| monocyte | white blood cell which is a precusor of macrophages. | ||
| macrophage | function as professional antigen presenting cells and as effector cells in humoral and cell-mediated immunity | ||
| dendritic cells | serve as sentinels by capturing antigen from invaders or foreign materials and presenting them to lymphocytes which results in their activation. Therefore _______ are primarily involved in adaptive immunity. | ||
| Natural Killer Cells | are lymphocytes but are considered part of innate immunity because they are not antigen specific like B cells and T cells. Their main function is to destroy virus-infected cells. | ||
| primary lymphoid tissues | include the bone marrow and thymus | ||
| secondary lymphoid tissues | spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, etc. | ||
| Extracellular pathogens | live in space between cells. can be attacked by soluble molecules such as secreted proteins | ||
| intracellular pathogens | Pathogens inside of cells. can be attacked internally by their host cells. However _____ that reside in the cytoplasm such as viruses are usually destroyed by killing the infected cell. | ||
| complement | a system of proteins produced constitutively by the liver that are present in the blood, lymph and extracellular fluids. One of their major innate immune functions is to coat bacteria and viruses so that they can be bound by leukocytes and phagocytized. | ||
| opsonization | coating of bacteria and viruses to make them more easily detected | ||
| C3 | most important and abundant of complement proteins | ||
| Steps of alternative pathway | The first step in the alternative complement pathway is hydrolysis of the thioester bond of C3 to convert it iC3 that can then bind to factor B--> | The binding of iC3 to factor B makes factor B susceptible to cleavage by factor D.--> | The iC3Bb complex that forms can then cleave C3. Thus C3bBb is the C3 convertase of the alternative complement pathway and the cleavage of C3 makes more C3b available to cleave more C3 (this is called the amplification loop). |
| soluble complement control proteins | include factor H that binds to C3b and causes it to be inactivated by cleavage by factor I | ||
| membrane bound complement control proteins | decay-accelerating factor (DAF) that binds to C3b and inactivates the C3 convertase of the alternative complement pathway by causing C3b to dissociate from Bb.--> | Membrane co-factor protein (MCP) also does this. in addition, it makes C3b susceptible to cleavage by factor I similar to factor H | |
| Phagocytosis | First line of defense in innate immunity performed by macrophages. They can also bind complement components that attach to microbial surfaces by complement receptors that enhance phagocytosis through a process called opsonization. | ||
| membrane attack complex (MAC) | creates pores in microbial surface. Important in Neisseria infections. | ||
| CD59 | blocks membrane attack complex in human cells | ||
| defensins | family of antimicrobial proteins.Alpha defensins are produced mainly by neutrophils and specialized epithelial cells in the intestines. The beta defensins are produced by a wide variety of other epithelial cells | ||
| toll-like receptors | are a specialized family of conserved receptors that allow phagocytes and other cell types to sense infection. are a specialized family of conserved receptors that allow phagocytes and other cell types to sense infection.--> | Triggering of toll-like receptors leads to the production of interferons to protect virally infected cells or the production of other cytokines such as TNF-alpha that stimulate an inflammatory responses | |
| inflammation | increased blood flow and blood permeability caused by cytokines released. Toll-like receptors create response. | ||
| cytokines | proteins made by cells that affect the behavior of other cells. Lymphatic cytokines called interleukins or lymphokines. | ||
| chemokines | class of cytokines which directs traffic of leukocytes. Among the cells which are attracted are natural killer cells that are effective in destroying virus infected cells. | ||
| neutrophils | are dedicated phagocytes that are brought in to sites of infection and they are short lived--> | The homing of neutrophils to inflamed tissues involves interaction with altered endothelial cells involving multiple proteins on both the neutrophil and the endothelial cell--> | Selectins on the neutrophil first interact with addressins on the endothelial cell. Then chemokines trigger a high affinity interaction of integrin on the neutrophil with a cellular adhesion molecule on the endothelial cell, allowing it to pass |
| respiratory burst | high increase in oxygen uptake before a neutrophil becomes activated. Involves NADPH oxidase and produces toxic compounds. | ||
| Inflammatory cytokines | induce fever and the acute phase response. Il 1, Il 6 and TNF-alpha are the major ones. They can act over long distances in the body. | ||
| Type I interferons | inhibit viral replication and activate host defenses. In infected cells, they express proteins for targeting by NK cells--> | stimulate the production of anti-viral proteins that inhibit viral protein synthesis and lead to degradation of viral RNA in the infected cell--> | |
| Order of response in virally infected cell | typ I interferons act first, then natural killer cells, then cytotoxic T cells | ||
| The four fundamental characteristics of Adaptive Immunity | Specific, Adaptive, memory, discrimination between self and non-self | ||
| MHC's and CD's explained | CD4 expressing helper T cells recognize extracellular antigenic peptides plus MHC II, while CD8 positive cytotoxic T cells recognize intracellular antigenic peptides plus MHC I | ||
| negative selection | removal of self reactive T cells in the thymus and self reactive B cells in the bone marrow | ||
| cell-mediated immunity | recognizes and destroys the bodies own cells which have become altered | ||
| humoral immunity | recognizes and leads to the direct recognition and removal of all other foreign cells, particles and substances | ||
| antibodies | immunity recognizes and leads to the direct recognition and removal of all other foreign cells, particles and substances, and aid opsonization. Can also activate complement | ||
| granulocytes | white blood cells with irregularly shaped, multilobed nuclei and cytoplasmic granules. Three types are neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. | ||
| myeloid progenitor | gives rise to all granulocytes |
Created by:
jon.downs@okstate.edu
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