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Microbiology
Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Type of cheese is dependent on? | Type of Milk, type of Microbes, and Type of Ingredients |
| Addition of _______ and _______ to wine produces vinegar. | Acetobacter and Gluconobacter |
| What is the order of microbiological procedures needed to turn Cocao Pods into Coco taste, and how long does it take? | Yeast, LAB, and Acetobacter and takes 5 to 7 days |
| Microbes are... | Decomposers and sources of nutrients |
| Symbioses | Relationship between different organisms |
| What are the three major cycles that affect the Microbial community | Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus |
| Cycling of Carbon requires? | Mineralization and Immobilization |
| Mineralization is... | Complete decomposition of organic matter to simpler inorganic compounds (CH4, CO2, NH4, CO) |
| Immobilization is... | Storage of nutrients into biomass |
| Cometabolism is... | Compounds that are difficult to degrade are slowly degraded by enzymes in existing metabolic pathways |
| Nitrogen fixation requires how many ATP? | 16 to 30 |
| The reduction of N2 --> NH4 is the reduction of a Gas to... | Ammonia |
| SOB is... | Sulfate oxidizing bacteria: aerobic |
| SRB is... | Sulfate reducing bacteria: anaerobic |
| What are the 5 different symbiotic relationships between microbes | Mutualism, Commensalism, Predation, Parasitism, and Ammensalism |
| Syntrophy is... | The energetics of one microbes metabolism are improved in the presence of another organisms metabolism |
| Commensalism is... | One organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped. |
| What is the usefulness of Microbial predation? | Critical to waste water treatment schemes and microbial loop occurs |
| What is Microbial loop... | Predators digest/mineralize ingested microbes and return mineral to the primary producers |
| 3 Microbial Predators are... | Bdellovibrio, Vampirococcus, and Daptobacter |
| Parasitism is... | One organism gains and the other is harmed |
| Ammensalism is a... | Negative impact of one organism on another based on the release of a specific compound. |
| What percent of microbes do we know of? | 1% to 5% |
| What are the three categories of spoilage, and what are they based on? | Perishable, Semi-Perishable, and Non-perishable. Available water activity |
| What are the two factors that affect growth in food? | Intrinsic and Extrinsic |
| Intrinsic factors are... | pH, aW, Food structure, Available nutrients, and natural antimicrobial properties |
| Extrinsic factors are... | Temperature, Relative humidity, Gases (O2 and CO2), and types and number of microbes |
| How do we control spoilage? | Prefiltration and postfiltration, low temperature, high temperature with vacuum packing, pasteurization, decreasing aW (dried foods), chemical based (smoking, organic acids (benzoate), and nitrates), and radiation (UV and gamma) |
| What is the only bacteriocin approved by FDA? | Nisin |
| What is a Bacteriocin? | Antimicrobial Peptide |
| What are the reservoirs for Food Borne diseases? | Humans |
| What is the incubation time and ID50 for Salmonella? | 8 hours - 105 |
| What is the ID50 for Campylobacter jujuni? | 10 |
| What is the ID50 for Listeria monocytogenes? | 150 |
| What is the ID50 for Vibrio vulnificus? | 10 |
| What is the ID50 for E. coli? | 500 |
| What causes more food borne viruses than anything? | Norovirus |
| Example of Food Borne Viruses? | Norovirus, Hep A |
| Example of Food Borne Prions? | Mad cow disease (BSE) |
| Example of Food Borne Protists? | Toxoplasma gondii |
| What are the two ways to Quality control test? | Serology and PCR |
| What does LAB stand for? | Lactic Acid Bacteria |
| What does LAB do? | Generate food (yogurt, cheese), and Food Preservation (Bacon, Sausage) |
| LAB controls foodborne pathogens in what two ways? | Acidification and Bacteriocin production |
| What is Adjuvant? | Non-specific stimulator of immune system |
| Selective toxicity is... | Ability of drug to kill or inhibit pathogen while damaging host as little as possible |
| Therapeutic dose is... | Level required for clinical treatment |
| Toxic dose is... | Drug level at which drug becomes too toxic for patient (produces side effects) |
| Therapeutic index is... | Ratio of toxic dose to therapeutic dose |
| What does cidal mean? | Kills microbe |
| What does static mean? | Inhibits growth of microbe |
| What is MIC and what does it mean? | Minimal inhibitory concentration; lowest concentration of drug that inhibits growth of pathogen |
| What is MLC and what does it mean? | Minimal lethal concentration; lowest concentration of drug that kills pathogen |
| Two techniques used to determine MIC and MLC? | Tube dilution test and disk diffusion |
| What are the two goals of drug development? | To impact pathogen by targeting a vital function or physical characteristics that the host cell does not have, and to increase specificity for targeted results in higher therapeutic index |
| Factors that affect the effectiveness of drugs? | 1) Ability of drug to reach site of infection 2) Susceptibility of pathogen to drug 3) Ability of drug to reach concentrations in body that exceed MIC of pathogen 4) Route of administration 5) Amount (Dosage) 6) Rate of uptake 7) Rate of clearance |
| What do Sulfonamides or Sulfa Drugs target? | Folic Acid synthesis |
| What do Quinolones target, and are they broad spectrum? | DNA synthesis; G+ and G- broad spectrum |
| What do Isoniazids target? | Mycolic acid synthesis |
| What do Penicillins target? | They inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis |
| What competes with B lactam ring? | Clavulanic |
| Semi-synthetic penicillins are? | Resistant to stomach acid and have fewer allergic reactions |
| What do Cephalosprins target? | Cell wall synthesis |
| What do Tetracyclines target? | Inhibition of protein synthesis |
| What do Aminoglycoside antibiotics target? | Black protein synthesis by targeting bacterial ribosomes. |
| What does Vancomycin target, and why are they so bad for you? | Inhibits cell wall synthesis; Damages kidney and ears |
| What do Polypeptide antibiotics target? | Impact the plasma membrane |
| What do Macrolides target? | Inhibit translation |
| What do Chloramphenicols target, and why are they so bad for you? | Protein synthesis; Suppress Bone Marrow |
| What are the mechanisms of drug resistance? | 1) Drug Exclusion (unable to penetrate cell wall) 2) Actively pump drug out 3) Inactivation of drug 4) Alteration of target enzyme or organelle 5) Use of alternative pathways 6) Increased production of target metabolite |
| What is the Origin and Transmission of Resistance? | 1) Chromosomal Genes 2) R Plasmids 3) Transposons 4) Transducing Phage 5) Gene cassettes |
| What are the critical features of candidate microbes for industrial use? | 1) Not a pathogen 2) Easy to grow 3) Make one, or more, products in high yield 4) Produce spores or alternative cell form for easy transport and inoculation 5) Fast growth in short period of time |
| Products of primary metabolism? | Ethanol and vinegar |
| Products harvested during log phase growth? | Cells, exoenzymes |
| When are primary and secondary products and metabolites produced? | Exponential Growth - Near or at Stationary Phase |
| What does Fermentation in industrial micro refer to? | Any large scale microbial process; mostly aerobic |
| 2 metabolite yields always smaller or larger than 1 metabolite yields? | smaller |
| What promotes citrate production? | Iron Starvation |
Created by:
Razfyn
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