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Biology: Genetics
Genetic Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Double-Helix | The structure of DNA |
| Watson & Crick | Discovered the Double-Helix, structure of DNA |
| Friedrich Miescher | Discovered DNA |
| Oswald Avery | Discovered the hereditary role of DNA |
| Nucleus | The location where most DNA is stored |
| Chromosomes | Tightly-Twisted strands of DNA |
| Sugar-Phosphate | The composed sides of a DNA molecule |
| Hydrogen Bonds | Weak bonds that connect nitrogen bases |
| Nitrogen Bases | Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine |
| Adenine-Thymine | Connected by two Hydrogen bonds |
| Cytosine-Guanine | Connected by three Hydrogen bonds |
| Uracil | Replaces Thymine in RNA |
| 3 functions of DNA | -Replicates so cell can divide -Provides a gene code -Makes RNA |
| Replication | When the DNA splits and makes an exact copy of itself |
| Codon | A 3-based sequence of DNA/RNA: a message for amino acids |
| Gene/Gene Code | A sequence of codons: a message for proteins |
| RNA | The working copy of DNA |
| DNA-RNA Difference | -DNA is Dioxyribose and RNA is Ribose -DNA has Thymine and RNA has Uracil |
| 4 types of RNA | -Transfer -Messenger -Ribosomal -Small |
| m-RNA appearance m-RNA function | Half the strand of DNA Provides a template for proteins to assemble |
| Transcription | When DNA makes RNA |
| Translation | When RNA makes protein |
| t-RNA appearance t-RNA function | Clover-leaf Transports amino acids to the m-RNA |
| Anti-Codon | A 3-based sequence of t-RNA |
| Ribosomal RNA | Composed of RNA and protein, assembling locations of proteins |
| Small RNA | Regulates the speed/rate of the protein synthesis |
| Regulator | Produces the Repressor |
| Repressor | -Produced by the Regulator -Protein that attaches to the Operator to turn off a gene |
| Promoter | The turn-on switch of a gene |
| Operator | The turn-off switch of a gene |
| Exon | The gene-coding sequence of proteins |
| Intron | The non-coding portion of a gene |
| Alternative Splicing Exon Shuffling | When exons of the same gene are added together to produce different proteins |
| Enhancers | Regulatory factors the determine which exons are transcribed |
| Deletion | When there is a loss of one or more base/codon in a gene |
| Duplication | When an entire gene gets copied |
| Pseudogene | A false gene or one that is not functioning |
| Translocation | When part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome: common in cancers |
| Transcription Factors | Proteins that help regulate genes |
| Gregor Mendel | Discovered the chromosome |
| Locus | The location of a specific gene on a chromosome |
| Allele | A variation of the same gene |
| Meiosis | When the cell divides into four daughter cells each containing haploids/gametes |
| Diploid | The paired number of chromosomes |
| Dominant | -The allele in a mixed pair that is always displayed -Upper-cased letter |
| Recessive | -The allele in a mixed pair that is not displayed -Lower-cased letter |
| Shared Dominance | When both alleles are equally expressed |
| Homozygote | When both alleles are the same |
| Heterozygote | When both alleles are different |
| Genotype | Represents the gene or allele expressed |
| Phenotype | Represents the physical trait expressed |
| Polygenic | When a trait is controlled by more than one gene |
| Multi-factorial | Involves one or more genes, and an environmental "trigger" |
| X-Linked | A trait locate only on the X-chromosome |
| Autosomal | Chromosomes 1-22 |
| Huntington's Disorder | Autosomal Dominant |
| Dwarfism | Autosomal Dominant |
| Cystic Fibrosis | Autosomal Recessive |
| Sickle Cell Anemia | Autosomal Recessive |
| Tay Sachs | Autosomal Recessive |
| Hemophilia | X-Linked disorder; Bleeder's Disease |
| Aneuploidy | An abnormal number of chromosomes |
| Trisomy | Containing an extra chromosome |
| Monosomy | Missing a chromosome |
| Down's Syndrome | Trisomy 21 |
| Turner's Symdrome | Monosomy: XO |
| 25th Chromosome | Represents genes located in the mitochondria: Chromosome M |
| Restriction Enzyme | Enzymes that cut DNA in a specific location on a sequence |
| RFLP | Segments of DNA that contain different mutations and produce different length fragments when cut |
| Tandem Repeats | A segment or sequence of DNA that gets repeated over and over again |
| Microsatellites (STRP) | Short tandem repeats that all individuals have but are different |
| Electrophoresis | A method to sequence DNA with weak electric currents |
| Plasmid | A ring-like strand of DNA that is found in bacteria |
| PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) | A method to make many copies of DNA from a small sample |
| SNP's | Single based changes in a gene found in all individuals |
| Epigenics | Factors other than genes that influence the phenotype |
| Gene Chips/Microarrays | Thousands of small fragments of DNA and RNA that are used to sample/tests for genetics disorders, cancer etc. |
| PGD (Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis) | The removing of one cell from the 16 cell embryo and testing it for genetic disorders |
Created by:
cjones4
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