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CH 22,23,24
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who generated that men came from fish and were fed in the manner of a viviparous shark | Anaximander |
| Who thought that at the beginning of this world there were undifferentiated living masses which were gradually differentiated the fittest surviving? | Empedocles |
| what was Aristotle's view on species? | That they are fixed and arranged them on a scala naturae |
| What did the Old Testament hold that species were? | That they were individually designed by God and unchanged |
| Who interpreted organismal adaptations as evidence that the Creator had designed each species for a specific purpose? | Carolus Linnaeus |
| Who was the fouder of Taxonomy? | Linnaeus |
| What is Taxonomy? | A branch of biology concerned with classifying organisms |
| Who developed the binomial format for naming species? | Linnaeus |
| What did James Hutton and Charles Lyell perceive? | That changes in the Earth's surface can result from slow continuous actions still around today |
| What is a fossil? | that remains or traces of organisms form the past |
| What is Paleontology? | The study of fossils |
| Who developed Paleontology? | George Curvier |
| What is uniformitarianism? | Lyell's principle that states that the mechanism of change are constant over time |
| What view strongly influenced Darwin's? | Lyell's principle of uniformitarianism |
| What is the compressed superimposed layers of rock? | strata |
| What is catastrophism? | the principle that events in the past occurred suddenly and were caused by mechanisms different from those operating todya |
| Who strongly opposed evolution and came up with the idea of catastrophism? | Curvier |
| What was Lamarck's hypothesis of evolution? | That species evolve through use and disuse of body parts and the inheritance of acquired characteristics |
| What were Darwin's first studies? | Medicine and Theology |
| What did Darwin do after graduating from cambridge? | he took an unpaid position as a naturalist and campanion to Captain Robert FitzRoy on a 5 year voyage around the world |
| What was the name of Darwin's ship? | The Beagle |
| What is natural selection? | the mechanism of descent with modification |
| On June 1858 Darwin received a manuscript from who about what? | Alfred Russell Wallace about his idea of natural selection |
| What did Darwin do the following year sfter receiving th manuscript? | He finished the Origin of Species and published it |
| The descent with modification by natural selection explains what? | the adaptations of organisms and the unity and diversity of life |
| What were Darwin's focus on Adaptation? | Adaptations to the environment and the origin of new species as closely related processes biologist have also concluded this occurred with the Galapagos finches |
| What is the first observation to how does evolution work? | Members of a population often vary in their inherited traits |
| what is the second observation to how evolution works? | All species can produce more offspring that the environment can support and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce |
| What is the first inference to how evolution works? | individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals |
| What is the second inference to how evolution works? | This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations |
| What is artificial selection? | The modification of other species by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits |
| Who noted artifical selection? | Darwin |
| What are two examples that provide evidence for natural selection? | Natural selection in response to insecticides and the evolution of drug resistant bacteria |
| What bacteria is commonly found on people and what is the methicillin-resistant strain? | Staphylococcus Aureus MRSA |
| When did MRSA become resistant to penicillin? | 1945 two years after it was first widely used |
| When did MRSA become resistant to methicillin? | 1961 two years after it was first used |
| how does Methicillin work? | By inhibiting a protein used by bacteria in their cell walls |
| how does MRSA escape Methicillin? | It uses a different protien in their cell walls |
| What is homology? | Is the similarity resulting from common ancestry |
| what are vestigial structures? | Are remnants of features that served important functions in the organism's ancestors |
| What are some example of homologies at the molecular level? | genes shared among organisms inherited froma common ancestor |
| what is the evolution of similar features in distantly related groups? | convergent evolution |
| What is analogous? | features in distantly related groups |
| how do analogous traits arise? | when groups independently adapt to similar environments in similar ways |
| What does convergent evolution not tell us? | any information about ancestry |
| What is an example of convergent evolution? | Flying squirrels and sugar gliders |
| What can fossil record provide? | evidence of the extinction of species, the origin of new groups and changes within groups over time |
| what is biogeography? | the geographic distribution of species, provides eveidence of evolution |
| What is the name of the single large continent that Earth's continents were all formerly united in? | Pangaea |
| What allows us to predict when and where different groups evolved? | by having an understanding of continent movement and modern distributions of species |
| What are Endemic species? | Species that are not found anywhere else in the world |
| What may have endemic species? | Islands |
| What are the two types of evolution? | Microevolution and Macroevolution? |
| What is Microevolutio? | is the change in allele frequencies in a population over generations |
| What is macroevolution? | includes speciation and the broad patterns above the level of species |
| What is relative fitness? | the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals |
| How does selection favor certain genotypes? | by acting on the phenotypes of individual organisms |
| What is an example of selection favor? | White and black moths |
| What is a prerequisite for evolution? | variation in heritable traits |
| Who's work provided evidence of discrete heritable units that cause variation among individuals? | Mendel's work on pea plants |
| How can genetic variation be measured? | As gene variability or nucleotide variability |
| For gene variability what measures the average percent of loci that are heterozygous in a population? | average heterozygosity |
| how is nucleotide variability measured? | by comparing the DNA sequencesof pairs of individuals |
| What is geographic variation? | Differences between gene pools of separate populations |
| What are some sources of genetic variation? | Formation of new alleles, altering gene number or position, rapid reproduction, sexual reproduction |
| how are new alleles formed? | a point mutation results in a change in nucleotide sequence of DNA |
| How are genes alterind in number and position? | Chromosomal mutations that delete, disrupt or rearrange many loci |
| How does sexual reproduction effect genetic variation? | It can shuffle existing alleles into new combinationns, |
| Which is more important in organisms the reproduce sexually mutation or recombination of alleles? | Recombination of alleles produces the genetic differences that make adaptation possible |
| What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation used to test for? | If a population is evolving |
| What is the first step in testing whether evolution is occurring in a population? | it is to clarify what we mean by a population |
| What is a population? | A localized group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing offspring |
| What is a gene pool? | consists of all the alleles for all the loci in a population |
| What kind of model is the Hardy-Weinberg Principle? | A null model |
| What does the Hardy-Weinberg principle state? | The frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population remain constant from generation to generation |
| In a given population how will allele frequencies not change? | Where gametes contribute to the next generation randomly |
| What will all the frequencies of all alleles add up to in a population? | 1 |
| What are the five conditions for nonevolving populations? | 1 no mutations 2 random mating 3 no natural selection 4 extremely large population size 5 no gene flow |
| Why can we assume that the PKU is in Hardy - Weinberg equilibrium? | 1 PKU gene mutation rate is low 2 mate selection is random 3 natural selection can only act on rare homozygous individuals 4population is large 5 migration has no effect |
| What are the three major factors that alter allele frequencies and bring about most evolutionary change? | Natural selection genetic drift and gene flow |
| What happens when the sample gets smaller? | the greater the chance of deviation from a predicted result |
| What describes how allele frequencies fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next? | genetic drift |
| How does genetic drift tend to reduce genetic variation? | Through losses of alleles |
| What occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population? | Founder effect occurs |
| What is an example of the founder effect? | Descendants of 15 British colonists on Tristan da Cunha have a 10 times higher rate of retinitis pigmentosa |
| What is the bottle neck effect? | a sudden reduction in population size due to a change in the environment |
| What may happen to the gene pool after a bottle-necked effect> | The gene pool may no longer be reflective of the original population's gene pool |
| What is an example of bottle neck effect? | the cheetah population |
| What is an example of genetic drift? | The Greater prairie chicken population in Illinois resulting in low levels of genetic variation |
| Genetic drift is significant in what kinds of populations? | small |
| What effect does genetic drift have on allele frequencies? | causes them to change randomly |
| Genetic drift can lead to a loss in? | genetic variation within populations |
| What are the harmful effects of genetic drift? | it can cause harmful alleles to become fixed |
| what is genetic flow? | Consists of the movement of alleles among populations |
| How can alleles be transferred? | through the movement of fertile individuals or gametes |
| What does geneitc flow tend to reduce? | variation among populations |
| how can genetic flow increase the fitness of a population? what is an example? | The gene flow may have a gene that inhibits certain pathogens or chamicals from affecting the individual insects with insecticides |
| Gene flow can also reduce the effects on? | inbreeding depression |
| how can genetic flow decrease the fitness of a population and what is an example? | By introducing alleles that are not fit for the certain environment and thus decreases the good allele frequencies The great tit on the Dutch island of Vlieland |
| What mechanism consistently causes adaptive evolution? | Natural selection |
| Evolution by natural selection involves both? | chance and sorting |
| What arises by chance? | new genetic variations |
| What is sorted and favored by natural selection? | beneficial alleles |
| What are the three modes of selection? | Directional, disruptive and stabilizing |
| What is direction selection? | favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic range |
| What is disruptive selection? | favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range |
| What is stabilizing selection? | favors intermediate variants and acts against extreme phenotypes |
| What is a cline? | a graded change in a trait along a geographic axis |
| What is an example of a cline? | mummichog fish vary in a cold-adaptive allele along a temperature gradient |
| what is sexual selection? | a natural selection for mating success |
| What is sexual dimorphism? | marked differences between sexes in secondary sexual characteristics |
| What is an example of sexual dimorphism? | peacocks |
| What is intrasexual selection? | competition among individuals of one sex for mates of the opposite sex |
| What is intersexual selection | mate choice occurs when individuals of one sex are choosy in selecting their mates |
| What can increas a male's chance of attracting a female while decreasing his chances of survival? | male showiness |
| What is the good gene hypothesis? | that if a trait is related to male health, both the male trait and female preference for that trait should increase in frequency |
| What is the genetic variation that does not confer a selective advantage of disadvantage? | neutral variation |
| how does diploid maintain genetic variation? | in the form of hidden recessive alleles |
| What can carry recessive alleles that are hidden form the effects of selection? | Heterozygotes |
| what occurs when natural selection maintains stavle frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population? | Balancing selection |
| What does balancing selection include? | Heterozygote advantage and frequency-dependent selection |
| When does heterozygote advantage occur? | When heterozygotes have a higher fitness that do both homozygots |
| what is an example of heterozygote advantage? | sickle cell allele |
| What happens in frequency dependent selection? | The fitness of a phenotype declines if it becomes too common in the population |
| What is an example of frequency dependent selection? | right mouthed and left mouthed scale eating fish |
| What are four reasons why natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms? | 1 selection can act only on existing variations 2evolution is limited by historical constraints 3 adaptations are often compromises 4 chance, natural selection and the environment interact |
| What is speciation? | the origin of new species, is at the focal point of evolutionary theory |
| What do biologists compare when grouping organisms? | Morphology physiology, biochemistry and DNA sequences |
| What is a species? | A group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring |
| How well do different species breed with each other? | no very well |
| What holds the phenotype together of two different populations? | Gene flow |
| What is reproductive isolation? | Is the existence of biological factors ( barriers) that impede two species from producing viable, fertile offspring |
| When can reproductive isolation be classified? | Whether factors act before or after fertilization |
| What are some Prezygotic barrier? | Habitat isolation, temporal isolation, mechanical isolation and gametic isolation |
| What are some postzygotic barriers? | Reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility and Hybrid breakdown |
| What can biological species concept be not applied to? | Fossils and asexual organisms |
| What defines a species by structural features? | Morphological species concept |
| What does morphological species concept apply to? | sexual and asexual species |
| What views a species in terms of its ecological niche? | ecological species concept |
| What does ESC apply to? | sexual and asexual species and emphasizes the role of disruptive selection |
| What defines a species as the smallest group of individuals on a phylogenetic tree? | phylogenetic species concept |
| What does PSC apply to? | It applies to sexual and asexual species, but it can be difficult to determine the degree of difference required for separate species |
| What are the two ways that speciationn can occur? | Allopatric speciation and Sympatric speciation |
| Which separation occurs from a geographical isolation from its parent population? | allopatric speciation |
| Which speciation occurs without a geographic separation? | Sympatric |
| What is evidence of allopatric speciation? | 15 pairs of snapping shrimp separated by the Isthmus of Panama |
| What is sympatric speciation? | Speciation takes place in geographically overlapping populations |
| What is the presence of extra sets of chromosomes due to accidents during cell division? | Polyploidy |
| Where is polyploidy common in? | plants |
| What is an autopoploid? | an individual with more than two chromonsome sets, derived from one species |
| What is an allopolyploid? | A species with multiple sets of chromosomes derived from different species |
| What are some important crops that are polyploids? | oats, cotton, potatoes, tobacco,and wheat |
| What is a hybrid zone? | A region in which members of different species mate and produce hybrids |
| Where else do hybrids result from? | mating between species with incomplete reproductive barriers |
| What are the three possible outcome when closely related species meet in a hybrid zone? | Reinforcement, fusion and stability |
| When does reinforcement of barriers occur? | When hybrids are less fit that the parent species |
| What happens to the rate of hybridization over time with reinforcement? | Decreases |
| Where reinforcement occurs what should happen to the reproductive barriers? | should be stronger for sympatric than for allopatric species |
| What happens to the gene flow when the hybrids are as fit as the parents? | Substantial gene flow between species |
| What happens if the gene flow is great enough? | the parent species can fuse into a single species |
| how fast does speciation occur? | Rapidly and slowly |
| What suggests that speciation can be rapid? | patterns in fossil records and evidence from lab studies |
| usually how fast is speciation? | Slow and range fro 4,000 years to 40 million |
| pollination thatis dominated by hummingbirds or bees can lead to what in the plant? | reproductive isolation of the flower |
Created by:
sfitzpatrick
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