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Websoils
Test #3 Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Effects of poor drainage | soil wetness can create anaerobic conditions that deprive roots of OXYGEN |
| Factors that cause a soil to be poorly drained? | 1. Impermeable- Compacted Clay 2. Extreme run off or flooding 3. High water table |
| 3 criteria of WETLANDS? | Hydric Soils Wetland Hydrology An environment that host wetland vegetation |
| WETLANDS? | areas that are flooded or saturated enough by surface or ground water long enough to support vegetation adapted to saturated soils CAT TAILS. |
| What is subsurface drainage? | an artificial drainage that collect water through underground pipes. It is useful in special situations. |
| Surface Irrigation | flooding the soil with water released from canals or piping systems |
| Name some surface irrigation's | Border strip: Furrow Irrigation |
| What is Border Strips? | Covering the entire soils surface of a field with a sheet of water each field is divided by by low dikes DISADVANTAGES: evaporation run off and percolation causes water waste. |
| What is Furrow Irrigation? | distributes water through furrows, with crops planted on the ridges between the furrows. CORN |
| When Putting in a subsurface drainage What do we need to be concerned with? | NITRATE (No3-) and chemicals Causing poor water quality and environmental problems |
| What is a Perched Water Table? | a water table that is above the main water table. It is perched on an impermiable layer. |
| What is Capillary Fringe? | The area above the water table that is saturated by capillary refill from the water table. 6 inches above water table in sandy soils. up to 18" in fine textured soils. |
| What happens to plants that try to grow on a high water table? | 1. Anaerobic conditions-No oxygen 2. Interferes with field operations 3. Wet soils warm up slowly in spring-- delay planting germination 4. Accumulation of salt. |
| If you have a recharge area what can you do? | plant something that uses more water annually like alfalfa. |
| What is the broad rule of thumb as to when to irrigate? | 50-60% of available soil water has been used |
| Calculate the Irrigation Quantity. 2" of root depth. | 2x2 =4 |
| Calculate how long would you irrigate? Sprinkler delivers 1"of H2O/hr. | 1 * 2 = 2 hrs. |
| What is Soluble Salts? | Compounds of sodium, calcium, and magnesium that dissolve in water. |
| How would you deal with soluble salts? | over-irrigate. the excess water leaches salts below the root zone. |
| How would you fix Soluble salts with a high water table? | Drain tiles to carry salty water off the field. Leaching Requirement and apply gypsum |
| What is leaching requirement? | The saltier the irrigation water, the more excess water must be applied. the amount of water in excess needing to wet the root of the plant. |
| What are some of the water quality issues with an irrigation pump. | Suspended solids. small bits of material in H2O. grains of sand silt,O.M., or algae. Drip systems can be plugged. USE A FILTER. |
| What is MACRONUTRIENTS? | Primary: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium Secondary: Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfur. |
| What is MICRONUTRIENTS? | (trace elements) Boron, Copper,chlorine, Iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, and zinc. |
| What are some beneficial Elements | Sodium, silicon, cobalt. |
| What is a Cation? | +charged atom/ molecules. Absorbed by plant roots. Adsorbed by soil particles with a negative charge |
| What are Anion? | -charged atom / molecules. Absorbed by plant root adsorbed by soil particles with a positive charge. |
| What are the 4 sources of nutrients in soil. order them in easiest to hardest? | 1. Soil solution 2. Adsorbed to a soil clay,Humus particle 3. Organic matter(O.M.) 4. Soil Minerals (parent material) |
| Nutrients in soil Soil Minerals | major source of all soil-supplied nutrient except NITROGEN (N). These are the Parent Material.ROCKS Dissolve into Ions Ca, K, Mg, Fe, P, Mn |
| Nutrients in soil ORGANIC MATTER | stores large amounts of N, Cl, P, S, Mo. Medium term storage -- decay |
| Nutrients in soil ADSORBED NUTRIENTS | nutrients attracted to clay& humus particles. Most are readily available to plants. |
| Nutrients in soil Soil Solutions | dissolved Ions and soil water. Plants absorb ions directly from soil solution. The plant root can absorb the nutrients for this solution, with out taking up water if it only needs the nutrients. |
| What is a soil colloid. | Tiny Clay, Humus, and O.M. particles that carry a slight NEGATIVE electric charge |
| Types of soil colloids. | clays humus and O.M. |
| What is Cation Exchange? | The ability of a soil to hold on to nutrients relates to the number of cations it can attract to soil colloids. Potential Fertility |
| How is Cation Exchange measured? | Cation Exchange Capacity. C.E.C |
| How is C.E.C determined? | Amount of clay, type of clay, and the amount of Humus. Humus has the ability to collect Cations. |
| When doing a C.E.C test of fertility test. How is the C.E.C determined | mEq/100 g soil millaequavilanse / 100 grams of soil |
| Which has more C.E.C | Humus 100-300 clay loam 30 silt loam 27 Loam 24 Sandy Loam 17, Loamy Sand 9 |
| What is the general rule with C.E.C. | More sand Lower of the C.E.C. More Clay, Higher C.E.C. |
| In the Cation Behavior exchange sites what nutrient bind tighter? | AL > H> Ca > Mg > K= NH4> Na Na does not bind tight the cation will kick of sodium first, |
| What is gypsum (CaSO4) | Calcium sulfate. |
| What is Nutrient Uptake. | Plant roots access nutrients by 1. root interception 2. mass flow 3. diffusion |
| What is Root interception | As the root grows it gets access to more nutrients that can be picked up |
| What is Mass Flow | water replaces nutrients that the As water moves so does the nutrients. closer to the root. plant picks up- because water always goes to the dryer places. Capillary Action |
| What is Diffusion? | plant picks up nutrients with out picking up the water. |
| Soil factors affection soil uptake | 1. Oxygen 2. Water supply- Less mass flow and diffusion 3. Soil temperature Cold soil =less root respiration= less energy for nutrient uptake. |
| Water irrigation sample | 1. medium course soil holds 2/ft of available water 2.root depth of 2ft 3. total water available= 2"/ft x 2ft= 4ft of moisture for field capacity. 4. Irrigate when 50% of available water is gone. 4 x 50% 4x.5= 2 5. sprinkler deliver 1" of H2O 2*1 |
| Hydric Soils | have anaerobic conditions - capillary fringe extends to the surface gleying and mottling |
| Wetland Hydrology | amount and behavior of water in the soil is such that the surface is saturated enough during the growing season to warrant designation of wetland. |
| WET SOILS | are identified by standing water presents of water-loving plants, soil color percolation testing make up 25% of farm lands But are not wet lands |
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