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Neuro Basal Ganglia
BasalGanglia, Cerebellum, Auditory Mechanism
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The basal ganglia referes to | a group of subcortical nuclei & those structures that cause extrapyramidal syndromes when damaged. |
| The Basal Ganglia includes: | Caudate nucleus putamen globus pallidus subthalamic nucleus substantia nigra |
| Which two of these are not technically part of the Basal Ganglia but are closely related and effect functioning? (globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, putamen, caudate nucleus, substantia nigra) | Subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra are not technically part of the Basal Ganglia but are closely related. |
| Which part of the Basal Ganglia is c-shaped and has a head, body and tail? | The caudate nucleus. |
| Which structures are close to the caudate nucleus? | The putamen and the striatum are close to the caudate nucleus. |
| Which structures are close to the globus pallidus? | The putamen and the lenticular nucleus are close to the globus pallidus. |
| The substantia nigra produces what? | The substantia nigra produces dopamine. |
| What is the name of a closely packed pigmented group of neurons that produce dopamine? | The substantia nigra. |
| Damage to the substantia nigra can result in what disease? | Damage to the substantia nigra can result in Parkinson's Disease. |
| Parkinson's Disease can result from a bad connection in the Basal Ganglia between which two structures? | Parkinson's Disease can result from a bad connection between the substantia nigra and the striatum. |
| Parkinson's Disease can result in a decrease in what and a frequency in what? | Parkinson's Disease can result in a decrease of amplitude and frequency of movement. |
| What is the principle circuit of the Basal Ganglia? | The principle circuit of the Basal Ganglia is a loop. |
| Describe one version of the loop that is the Basal Ganglia? | Multiple cortical areas - basal ganglia - thalamus - one of the cortical areas. |
| As referred to in the loop that is the Basal Ganglia circuit, which structures represent the Basal Ganglia? | In the Basal Ganglia circuit, the basal ganglia is represented by the caudate nucleus, the putamen and the globus pallidus.) |
| One of the cortical areas most associated with the Basal Ganglia is the | The Frontal Lobe is one of the cortical areas most associated with the Basal Ganglia with regard to Basal Ganglia circuit. |
| Can the Basal Ganglia loop impact other cortical areas besides the Frontal Lobe? | Yes. The Basal Ganglia loop can impact other cortical areas besides the Frontal Lobe. |
| Differing versions of the Basal Ganglia loop can differ in which ways? | The various versions of the Basal Ganglia loop can differ in which cortical areas are involved as well as which distintive portions of the basal ganglia. |
| Damage to the Basal Ganglia can result in what? | Movement Disorders such as dyskinesia and hyperkinesia. |
| What is dyskinesia? | Dyskinesia is a movement disorder that result from damage to the Basal Ganglia. |
| What is hyperkinesia? | Hyperkinesia is too much, excessive movement, involuntary movement that can occur as a result of damage to the Basal Ganglia. |
| Movement disorders relate to top or bottom connection with Basal Ganglia and the impact depends on which is impacted because | movement disorder goes to the opposite direction. |
| Patients with Basal Ganglia damage exhibit two primary types of movements or disturbances: | Involuntary Movements and Disturbances / Alterations of Muscle Tone |
| What are some examples of Involuntary Movements that present in a patient with Basal Ganglia damage? | Tremors Chorea Athetosis Ballismus |
| What is Chorea? | Chorea is a quick, jerky movement that is against one's will - Huntington's Disease. |
| What is Athetosis: | Athetosis is involuntary movement like Chorea, but Athetosis is slower, more rotation oriented, more of a twisting, turning movement. |
| What is Ballismus? | Ballismus is characterized by rotary movements but can sometimes occur on only one side of the body (Hemiballismus) |
| What are some examples of Disturbances / Alterations of Muscle Tone that can occur with damage to the Basal Ganglia? | Increased Tone Dystonia |
| What is Dystonia: | Dystonia is a disorder of the muscle tone that relates to damage to Basal Ganblia, it is considered to be an disturbance or alteration of muscle tone. |
| Describe Dystonia: | Dystonia usually happens in only one muscle, slower movement; involuntary head turning (just happens suddenly & gets stuck there) pain, stiffness, discomfort and constant headache. |
| Hypokinesia can occur with which disease? | Hypokinesia can occur with Parkinson's Disease. |
| What is the best known disease affecting the Basal Ganglia? | The best known disease affecting the Basal Ganglia is Parkinson's Disease. |
| Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease can vary in two ways. | Severity and onset. |
| One characteristic of Parkinson's Disease is a movement called: | Resting Tremor is associated with Parkinson's Disease. |
| What is Resting Tremor? | Reating Tremor is also called Shaking Tremor and it is present while the patient is in a resting state. It is characterized by the hands moving in a 'pill-rolling' movement. |
| The 'pill-rolling' movement characteristic of Parkinson's Disease can decrease during what activity? | 'Pill-rolling' movements characteristic of Parkinson's Disease diminish during voluntary movements. |
| The 'pill-rolling' movement characteristic of Parkinson's Disease can increase during what activity? | 'Pill-rolling movements' that are characteristic of Parkingson's Disease can increase during periods of emotional stress. |
| Parkinson's Disease, a disease of the Basal Ganglia, can also be characterized by: | Rigidity Difficulty in initiating voluntary movement |
| What is meant by the term rigidity as it applies to Parkinson's Disease/ | Rigidity as it relates to Parkinson's Disease is characterized by increased tone in all muscles; bad sleeping patterns. |
| What is Bradykinesia? | Bradykinesia is slow movement with reduced range (getting going, getting out of chair, eating) (tongue 'pumps' but can't push food back) and it is considered a difficult in initiating voluntary movement that is characteristic of Parkinson's Disease. |
| What is Hypokinesia? | Hypokinesia is also a characteristic of Parkinson's Disease. It is when there isn't ENOUGH movement. It is another variation on 'difficulty in initiating voluntary movement.' |
| What is Atkinesia? | Atkinesia is another 'difficulty in initiating voluntary movement' that relates to Parkinson's Disease. It is described as 'reduced, few movements.' |
| Name three variations in the 'difficulty in initiating voluntary movement' that are characteristic of Parkinson's Disease: | Bradykinesia, Hypokinesia, and Atkinesia |
| What are the major fissues and lobes of the Cerebellum? | Posterolateral Fissure Flocculonodular Lobe Primary Fissure Anterior Lobe Posterior Lobe |
| What are the two primary fissures of the cerebellum? | The two primary fissures of the cerebellum are the posterolateral fissure and the primary fissure. |
| What are three primary lobes of the cerebellum? | Flocculonodular Lobe, Anterior Lobe, and Posterior Lobe |
| What are the three primary zones of the cerebellum? | Vermis Intermediate Zone Lateral Zone |
| What is another name for the Intermediate Zone in the Cerebellum? | The intermediate zone is also known as the paravermal zone because it is around the vermis. |
| What is the name of the most medial zone in the cerebellum? | The most medial zone in the cerebellum is the vermis. |
| Which zone in the cerebellum is involved in the regulation of posture? | The zone in the cerebellum that is involved in regulation of posture is the vermis. |
| What is meant by the regulation of posture as it is regulated by the vermis in the cerebellum? | The regulation of posture by the vermis in the cerebellum refers to the trunk, muscle tone and posture during stereotyped movements. |
| Which zone in the cerebellum is around the vermis and what are the two names for it? | The Intermediate Zone and the Paravermal Zone; they are the same thing; they are named this because this zone is around the vermis. |
| Which zone is adjacent to the vermis in each hemisphere? | The Paravermal Zone, also known as the Intermediate Zone. |
| Which zone in the cerebellum is involved in the regulation of posture of the DISTAL MUSCLES? | The zone in the cerebellum that is involved in the regulation of posture via distal muscles is the Intermediate Zone, a.k.a Paravermal Zone. |
| Which zone in the cerebellum is involved in the correction of movements? | The zone in the cerebellum that is involved in the correction of movements is the Intermediate Zone/Paravermal Zone. |
| The Paravermal Zone/Intermediate Zone is involved in the correction of what? | The correction of movement. |
| The Cerebellum can change or alter a way of doing something; this is known as a correction in | movement |
| The Lateral Zone is involved in what? | Planning and Coordination of Voluntary Movements |
| Give an example of Voluntary Movements referent to those that are planned and coordinated by the Lateral Zone in the Cerebellum: | Learned, skillful movements |
| Learned skillful movements become better with | practice and planning and coordination by the Lateral Zone of the Cerebellum |
| The Cerebellum is attached to the brainstem by 3 Peduncles. Name the 3 Peduncles: | Superior Cerebellar Peduncle Middle Cerebellar Peduncle Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle |
| The Cerebellum is attached to the brainstem by: | Peduncles |
| Superior Cerebellar Peduncle's tasks are what? | The Superior Cerebellar Peduncle sends info out. It carries efferents from the cerebellum to other parts of the brain. |
| The Middle Cerebellar Peduncle's tasks are what? | The Middle Cerebellar Peduncle RECEIVES info from other areas of the brain; it carries afferents primary from the pontine nuclei to the cerebellum. |
| Efferents from the cerebellum | Superior Cerebellar Peduncle |
| Afferents from pontine nuclei to cerebellum | Middle Cerebellar Peduncle |
| Interior Cerebellar Peduncle's tasks are: | receive info from OTHER AREAS. Carry afferents from the Spinal Cord and the brainstem to the cerebellum. |
| Afferents from the spinal cord and the brainstem to the cerebellum? | Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle |
| Damage to the cerebellum | like being drunk |
| Lesion to the vermal or paravermal zone in the cerebellum results in: | Anterior Lobe Syndrome |
| Anterior Lobe Syndrome | Primarily affects the legs and causes postural instability |
| Ataxia: | difficulty with coordinated voluntary movement resulting from damage to the vermal or paravermal zones in the cerebellum |
| Lesion to the lateral hemisphere in the cerebellum results in: | Lesion to the lateral hemisphere of the cerebellum results in neocerebellar syndrome |
| Neocerebellar Syndrome: | affects all ipsilateral to the side of the lesion |
| Lesion of the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum: | results in abnormal eye movement and loss of equilibrium (can't track moving objects) |
| Neocerebellar Syndrome: | Hypotonia and Hyporeflexia and Ataxia - relates to neocerebellar syndrome |
| Ataxia: | lack of coordination of voluntary movements/errors in timing of movements such as decomposition of movements (piano, speech, walking, multi-joint movements) relates to Neocerebellar Syndrome |
| Dysmetria: | inability to gauge the range of movement - overshooting or undershooting targets - trouble reaching for things, missing it. Relates to Neocerebellar Syndrome |
| Adiadochokinesia: | impaired rapid, alternating movement, relates to neocerebellar syndrome |
| Neocerebellar Syndrome: 5 characteristic coordination problems: | Ataxia, Dysmetria, Adiadochokinesia, Intention Tremor, Ataxic Dysarthria |
| Intention Tremor: | Tremor occurs during voluntary movement = more of a corrective movement as they know they are going to miss their target so trying really hard and tremor is a result |
| Intention Tremor worsens when? | Intention Tremor worsens as patient nears a target (corrective movement) |
| Intention Tremor can impact speech in what way? | Intention Tremor can create a speech problem as rhythm is off. |
| Intention Tremor which is characteristic of Neocerebellar Syndrome is in contrast to what? | Resting Tremor is characteristic of Parkinson's Disease; Intention Tremor is characteristic of Neocerebellar Syndrome. |
| Ataxic Dysarthria: | Ataxic Dysarthria is characteristic of Neocerebellar Syndrome. Impacts speech: Hoarse-breathy, coarse voice, tremor, monopitch, monoloudness |
| Olfactory receptor cells are which kind of receptors? | Chemoreceptors |
| Olfactory Cells are located where? | In the olfactory epithelium |
| What is collected into the olfactory fila? | The Axons of the Receptors collect in the olfactory fila. |
| Where do olfactory receptor cells end? | Olfactory receptor cells end in the olfactory bulb. |
| What forms the olfactory tract? | Projections from the olfactory bulb. |
| Where do fibers from the Olfactory Tract go? | Primary olfactory cortex and amygdala. |
| Where is olfactory info projected to after the olfactory cortex and amygdala? | Olfactory info is projected to the hypothalamuus, the limbic structures, and the thalamus. |
| What are three examples of impaired olfactory function? | Anosmia, Sensorineural olfactory deficits, uncinate seizures. |
| What is anosmia? | Anosmia is loss of the ability to smell. |
| How is anosmia useful? | It can be used to diagnose tumors growing on the base of the skull. |
| How can sensorineural olfactory deficits occur? | Sensorineural olfactory deficits can occur via head injuries or neurodegenerative disease. |
| Where do uncinate seizures orginate? | Uncinate seizures occur in the vicinity of the uncus. |
| How does one tell if a uncinate seizure is about to occur? | Uncinate seizures often begin with an olfactory hallucination. |
| The Limbic System is comprised of 8 things; what are they? | The cingulate sulcus the parahippocampal gyri the hippocampus the amygdala the septal area (near the uncus) the hypothalamus the olfactory areas the tracts that link these areas ie: fornix |
| What is the fornix? | The fornix is a major motor pathway that links things in the limbic system. |
| Parts of the limbic system: | Amy the smelly parachuting hippo sings under the septic tank. (amygdala, parahippocampal gyri, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, hypothalamus, septal area, olfactory, tracts. |
| Where is the hippocampus? | The hippocampus is in the temporal lobe. |
| Landmarks of the hippocampus? | anterior amygdala, posterior splenium or corpus collosum |
| What is the prominent role of the hippocampus? | Learning and memory. |
| What is the amygdala? | The amygdala are nuclei under the uncus of the temporal lobe. |
| The Amygdala receives what? | The Amygdala receives a great deal of sensory input in a highly processed form. |
| What input / output does the Amygdala receive? | Input from olfactory bulb Input from frontal and temporal cortex Output to the septal area & hypothalamus |
| What is the function of the amygdala? | The amygdala's function is related to its connection to the hypothalamus. |
| The function of the amygdala is: | drive related behavior emotions / emotional response |
| If you electrically stimulate the amygdala, what happens? | Causes fear with all normal autonomic manifestations |
| Damage to the Limbic Structures | damage to the hippocampus, to mammillary bodies, or to bilateral temporal lobe = all cause different problems. |
| Bilateral damage to the hippocampus (a limbic structure) = | anterograde amnesia for declarative memory (learning and memory) |
| Damage to mammillary bodies (a limbic structure) = | Korsakoff's Psychosis |
| Korsakoff's Psychosis is caused by what? | chronic alcoholism |
| What are some characteristics of Korsakoff's Psychosis? | Korsakoff's Psychosis is characterized by an inability to form new memory. |
| What is another term for Korsakoff's Psychosis? | Amnestic Confabulatory Syndrome |
| What does bilateral temporal lobe damage cause (as it relates to the limbic system)? | Kluver-Bucy Syndrome |
| What is Kluver-Bucy Syndrome? | Kluver-Bucy Syndrome is caused by bilateral temporal lobe damage in the limbic system. |
| Describe Kluver-Bucy Syndrome? | Absence of emotional reaction, hypersexual, increased attention to sensory stimuli. |
| Name all the nuclei that are part of the Basal Ganglia circuit: | Caudate Nucleus, Putamen, Globus Pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. |
| Which nucleus contains neurons that produce dopamine? | The Substantia Nigra |
| What is the movement disorder caused by the destruction of dopamine producing nuclei called substantia nigra? | Parkinson's Disease |
| List 3 symptoms of Parkinson's Disease: | Rigidity, Resting Tremor (shaking) difficulty initiating voluntary movement (Bradykinesia, Hypokinesia/Atkinesia) |
| What are the effects of a lesion to the flocculonodular lobe? | abnormal eye movements and loss of equilibrium |
| List the five symptoms of neocerebelar syndrome: | Hypotonia, hyporeflexia, ataxia, intention tremor, Ataxic Dysarthria |
| List the three symptoms of Cerebellar Ataxia: | Decomposition of movement, Dysmetria, Adiadochokinesia |
| What is the effect of damage to the olfactory system: | Loss of smell (Anosmia) & uncinate seizures |
| Describe uncinate seizures: | seizures originating in the vicinity of the uncus, may begin with an olfactory hallucination |
| List the 5 structures included in the Limbic System | Amygdala Parahippocampus Hippocampus Cingulate Gyrus Septal Area (near the uncus) |
| What is the effect of bilateral damage to the hippocampus? | Anterograde Amnesia for declarative memory (impaired learning and memory) |
| Name the memory deficit caused by damage to the mammillary bodies and describe it: | Korsoff's Psychosis caused by chronic alcoholism inability to learn new memory also called amnestic confabulatory syndrome |
| What are the effects of bilateral damage to the temporal lobe in animals? | Kluver-Bucy Syndrome absense of emotional reaction, hypersexual, increased attention to sensory stimuli VERY big damage - lots of related structures damaged too. |
| Adiadochokinesis | Adiadochokinesia - Inability to stop one movement and follow it immediately with movement in the opposite direction |
| Bradykinesis | Slow, incomplete or hard to start movement common to Parkinson's Disease |
| Atkinesia | absence, poverty or loss of voluntary muscle control |
Created by:
Lynnzi
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