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Pip's Immu AP
Immune System 913860
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| First Line of Defense | We are surrounded by a sea of germs. Keeping them out is critical. The nonspecific barriers are: Skin, Stomach Acid, Mucous membranes producing Lysozyme, and Cilia in respiratory system |
| Second Line of Defense | Nonspecific defense Inflammatory response: Histamine, Phagocytes, Prostaglandins, Chemokines, Pyrogens, Complement, Interferons, and Natural Killer |
| Histamine | Trigger vasodilations which increases blood supply to an area, bringing phagocytes |
| Phagocytes | Ingest invading microbes |
| Prostaglandins | Further enhance blood flow to area |
| Chemokines | Secreted by blood vessel endothelium and monocytes, attract more phagocytes to the area |
| Pyrogens | Increase body temperature to speed up the immune system |
| Complement | is a group of proteins that helps to destroy microbes by rupturing their membranes |
| Interferons | Chemicals that block viral infections |
| Natural Killer (NK) | Cells destroy virus-infected body cells |
| Third Line of Defense | Specific immune response maintained by lymphocytes. B and T lymphocytes; both originate in bone marrow |
| Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8 Cells) (Tc Cells) | Kill body cells infected with pathogens by releasing perforin, which ruptures microbial membranes Stimulated by antigens and by helper T cells Proliferate into plasma cells and memory cells Stimulated by infected body cells Mature in thymus |
| Helper T Cells (Th Cells) | Set off an alarm to immune system that microbes have broken through the body's lines of defense Binds to class II MHC molecules Releases interleukin-2, which stimulates Tc Cells, B cells, and other Th cells Also called CD4 Cells |
| B Lymphocytes | Humoral response - produce antibodies Activated by T cells or by free antigens floating in blood Secrete 200 antibodies/second over the cell's 4-5 day lifespan Proliferate into plasma and memory cells Part of specific immune response |
| Macrophages | Develop from monocytes Migrate through blood; reside in tissues Kill and digest large numbers of germs using their lysosomes Display MHC II molecules on their surface Act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) Release Interleukin-1 to stimulate helper T |
| Interleukin-1 (Il-1) | Cytokine secreted by a macrophage after it phagocytizes and presents antigens on its surface Activates helper T cells to produce interleukin-2 (Il-2) |
| Interleukin-2 (Il-2) | Cytokine that stimulates B cells to become active antibody-secreting plasma cells Release by activated helper T cell |
| MHC I | MHC I molecules are found on almost every body cell Bind to cytotoxic T cells |
| MHC II | MHC II molecules are found on macrophages, B cells, and activated T cells Bind to helper T cells |
| Positive Feedback | Amplifies an already existing process in immune system until an endpoint or maximum rate is reached Ex: helper T cells become activated by class II MHC molecules and Il-1 to release Il-2 which further increases activity of helper T cells |
| Plasma Cells | Fight current infections |
| Memory Cells | Circulate in the body permanently, imparting specific lifelong immunity against a particular virus, such as polio or measles |
| Clonal Selection | Fundamental mechanism in the development of immunity Special B and T lymphocytes are selected by binding to specific pathogenic molecules Once selected, B and T lymphocytes become metabolically active and make millions of copies of themselves |
| Antibodies | Y-shaped globular protein molecule consists of four chains; 2 heavy and 2 light chains with constant and variable regions Also called Immunoglobins (Ig) |
| Immunoglobin G (IgG) | most abundant circulating antibodies |
| Immunoglobin A (IgA) | Abundant in mucous membranes, tears, saliva, colostrum |
| Immunoglobin E (IgE) | facilitates release of histamine in allergic responses |
| Passive Immunity | Temporary Antibodies are transferred from another animal Ex: A mother some of her antibodies to her nursing child |
| Active Immunity | Permanent Individual makes own antibodies The result of being sick and recovering or from receiving a vaccination |
| AIDS | Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Caused by HIV, a retrovirus Attacks cells that bear CD4 (helper T cells) molecules on their surface |
| Blood ABO Antigens and Antibodies | Blood type: A, A antigen, B Antibody Blood type: B, B antigen, A antibody Blood type: AB, A and B antigen, No antibody Blood type: O, No antigens, A and B antibodies |
| Autoimmune Disease | A mistake in the immune system where the body does not properly distinguish self from nonself The immune system attacks its own body tissue Ex: Multiple sclerosis, lupus, arthritis, juvenile diabetes |
| Monoclonal Antibodies | Antibodies produced by a single B lymphocyte that has been selected and that produces a single type of antigen Important as a research tool and in diagnosing and treating certain diseases |
| Allergies | Hypersensitive immune responses to certain substances called allergens that cause the release of histamine |
| Anaphylactic Shock | Acute, extreme allergic reaction Life threatening Results from sudden dilation of blood vessels, which results in precipitous drop in blood pressure |
| Overview of Immune System | The immune system is characterized by: Specificity, Diversity, Memory, and Capacity to distinguish self from nonself |
Created by:
tracypippins
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