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Animal Bio Lecture 2
Animal Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three types of diet types? | Carnivore, Herbivore, Omnivore |
| What are the 4 types of feeding mechanisms? Give small description of each | Suspension-filter feeders--> food particles from water Substrate feeders--> live in/on food Filter feeders--> suck fluid from living host Bulk feeders--> eat large pieces of food |
| What are the 4 stages of food processing? | Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Elimination |
| What are the 4 types of macromolecules, and what are they broken down into in order to be absorbed? | Polysaccharides--> monosaccharides (simple sugars) Proteins--> aa's Fats/Lipids--> glycerol + fatty acids Nucleic Acids--> nucleotides |
| What are the two types/mechanisms of digestion? | Mechanical (chewing) and chemical (ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS) |
| What occurs during enzymatic hydrolysis? | Enzymes specific to each type of macromolecule add a water molecule in order to break covalent bonds between molecules |
| What are the main stops along the path of food processing? | Oral Cavity, Pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine |
| What enzyme in the oral cavity begins breakdown of polysaccharides into smaller polysaccharides or disaccharides? | salivary amylase |
| how many salivary glands produce saliva? | three |
| what is mucus made up of? | water and mucins (glycoproteins) |
| what are the antibacterial agents in saliva? | lysozymes |
| how does saliva prevent tooth decay? | buffers any food acidity |
| what is the ball of food made by the tongue called? | Bolus |
| what is the flap of skin called that closes the trachea during swallowing and prevents choking? what is it made of? | epiglottis-made of cartilage |
| What is the rhythmic involuntary contraction of esophagus smooth muscle called? | peristalsis |
| how much food/liquid can the stomach stretch to hold? | 2 litres |
| what does the epithelium of the stomach produce? | Gastric juice |
| What does gastric juice consist of? | HCl and pepsin |
| what does pepsin do? | starts breakdown of peptides |
| Which cells produce HCl in the epithelium? What is unique about how they do this, and why is this process necessary? | The Parietal cells produce HCl by releasing them into the lumen where they bind-- this is to protect the epithelium from the acid that results |
| What do Chief cells produce and what happens to this following release? | they release pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin by HCl and pepsin itself once available |
| What do mucus cells do and why? | produce mucus to protect the epithelium |
| What are the three functions of HCl in the stomach? | 1) activate pepsin 2) denature (unfold) protein to allow pepsin to access it 3) kills bacteria that gets past oral lysozymes |
| What is the main function of pepsin | protein breakdown (polypeptides to smaller polypeptides) |
| after 2-6 hours of smooth muscle contraction in the stomach (churning), what is the food? | Acid chyme-"broth", moved in little squirts to the small intestine |
| how big is the SI stretched out? | length of a tennis court |
| What are the two processes that occur in the SI? | Digestion and Absorption |
| What are the three parts of the SI, and what are their functions? | Duodenum (first 25cm) --> digestion Jejunum, ileum--> absorption |
| What are the accessory organs that contribute digestive juices to the duodenum or provide functions for this? What are those digestive juices and what do they do? | Pancreas: 1) hydrolytic enzymes--> for macromolecule breakdown 2) Bicarbonate ions for neutralizing acid chyme Liver: secretes bile--> bile salts for fat digestion into globules Gall bladder: bile storage |
| What happens in carb digestion in the stomach? | the acidic environment denatures salivary amylase so that digestion of carbs stops |
| What happens in carb digestion in the SI? | Pancreatic amylases work in the lumen to break POLYsaccharides into DIsaccharides |
| What does the epithelium of the SI do for carb digestion? | DIsaccharides--> MONOsaccharides |
| What are the projections within the SI folds called? | villi |
| what are the projections of the epithelial cells of each villus called? | microvilli |
| where do the blood capillaries in the epithelium lead? | to the HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN which leads to the liver for detox/use/storage/conversion and then to the heart which pumps nutrients to the rest of the body |
| what is the lacteal, where does it go and what does it transport? | part of the lymphatic system, the lacteal transports digested FAT eventually to the circulatory system and then to the rest of the body |
| What are the two methods of transport from epithelium to circulation? what travels this way? | Passive: simple sugars diffuse down their concentration gradient Active: aa's, small peptides, vitamins and glucose are actively pumped by epithelial cells |
| How long is the LI? | 1.5m |
| What does the LI absorb? | leftover H2O not absorbed in the SI |
| how is waste (feces) transported through here to be eliminated? | peristalsis |
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