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Simmons Ch 44
Nervous System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| CNS made of? | Brain and spinal cord |
| PNS made of? | Sensory and motor neurons |
| Somatic nervous system | controls voluntary action (skeletal muscle) |
| Autonomic nervous system | controls involuntary action (smooth and cardiac muscle) |
| Cell Body | enlarged part contains nucleus |
| Dendrites | short extensions that receive stimuli (not myelinated ) |
| Axon | Long extension conducts impulses away from cell body (may be myelinated) |
| Neuroglia | support neuron structurally and functionally |
| White matter? | myelinated axons in CNS |
| Gray matter? | Dendrite and cell body in CNS |
| Glial Cells | collectively make neuroglia (90% CNS = glial cells) |
| Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells | make myelin sheath on axon |
| Astrocytes | provide nutrients/regulate composition of extracellual fluid |
| Microglia | secrete growth factors |
| Ependymal cells | ciliated glial cells that produce neurons and other glial cells |
| Negative pole of membrane | cytoplasmic side |
| Positive pole of membrane | extracellular side |
| Neuron resting potential | -40 to -90 mV |
| Na+/K+ pump | uses ATP to maintain concentration gradient |
| Cl- Ions | own channels and move from outside to inside of cell |
| Voltage-activated/ gated channels | positive feedback. Voltage chanhe = gates open to intensify change |
| Chemically-activated/ gated channels | in membrane of post-synaptic neuron. binding of neurotransmitter to channel triggers ion channel to open, changing polarity |
| Ligand-gated ion channel | ligand bids to receptor and ion channel opens EX. Acetyocholine activates channel for passage of Na+ |
| Depolarization | Membrane potential more positive (influx of Na+ or Ca2+) |
| Hyperpolarization | Membrane potential more negative (influx of Cl- and outflux of K+) |
| Summation | ability of graded potentials to combine |
| Graded Potentials | small transient changes in membrane potential due to gated ion channels |
| Action Potentials | When depolarization reaches threshold potential (-55mV) caused by voltage-gated ion channels |
| 2 Ways to Increase velocity of conduction | Bigger axon diameter, myelinated axons |
| Synapse | Intercellular junctions between dendrites and axons of other cells |
| Electrical synapse | direct cytoplasmic connections between 2 cells formed at gap junction |
| Chemical synapse | synaptic cleft between 2 cells |
| Sympathetic division | Fight or flight. Preganglionic neurons = thoracic/lumbar regions of spinal chord |
| Parasympathetic division | Rest and repose. Preganglionic neuorn originiate in brain |
| 3 Major parts of Brain | Hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain |
| Forebrain made of? | thalamus, hypothalamus and cerbrum |
| Thalamus | relay station channeling sensory info from body to cerebral cortex |
| Hypothalamus | cluster of neurons that release hormone into blood. Maintains homeostasis (body temp, waterbalance, heart rate) |
| Cerebrum | 2 hemispheres. Interior structures: Amygdala = sensations of pleasure, dear, secual arousal Hippocampus = long-term memory and learning |
| Midbrain | clusters of neurons = movement arousal and emotion -Neurons produce transmitter dopamine -Addiction |
| Hindbrain | medulla, pons, cerebellum |
| Medulla | autonomic functions: breating, heart rate, blood pressure |
| Pons | transitions between sleep and wakefulness |
| Cerebellum | coordinates movements of body for smooth, accurate motions |
| Limbic System | Hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, regions of cerebral cortex. -Emotion: fear, rage, calm, hunger, thirst |
Created by:
aoronce1
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