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chp. 20 bio
Genetic Technology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Bacterial plasmids are | the core of modern recombinant DNA technology |
| restriction enzymes | these molecular scissors that cut DNA at precise, predictable places called restriction sites. |
| Restriction sites, sequence | predictable places that enzymes cut dna. often palindromes |
| palindromes | they are sequences of DNA that read the same forward and reverse. |
| Sticky ends | Dna ends are exposed, so they can recombine with complementary sequences. |
| molecular cloning | clone is simply a complete copy of something. you can clone whole organisms and individual genes using plasmids and restriction enzymes. |
| Dna Ligase | pastes the new strands together to form a recombinant DNA molecule. |
| Recombinant DNA molecule | a DNA molecule that contains a new combination of genes. |
| Bacterial cells will not transcribe genes that contain | introns |
| Reverse Transcriptase | used to synthesize DNA from the mRNA for the protein. mRNA has had the introns spliced out. |
| Complementary DNA, cDNA | DNA molecule produces from reverse transcriptase. it does not contain introns. bacterial cell will transcribe and translate it. |
| Recombinant genes | are plaved into plasmids and grown in bacteria to manufacture drugs. |
| DNA Library | entire genome cut to be able to pick gene of interest. |
| DNA Probe | binds to mRNA single strand of Dna |
| Polymerase chain reaction | is used to create more copies of DNA sequence. |
| Inventor of Polymerase chain reaction | Karry Mallis |
| Pcr | allows you to create multiple copies of DNA molecule without the need of cloning into bacterial plasmids |
| How PCR works | -Dna samples/ - Primers/ - Nucleotides/ - Heat Stable DNA polymerase/ -thermal cycling machine. |
| Primers | short pieces of DNA that will base-pair with DNA sample |
| Heat stable DNA polymerase | This is obtained from a bacterium that lives at hydrothermal vent. since this enzyme normally works at high temp, it will not denatue during PCR process. |
| thermal cycling machine | Denature 95*, 60* binds to primers, Taq to polymerase DNA, exrension of DNA 72* |
| PCR is used for | recovery of fossilized dna, recovery left on crime. |
| gel electrophoresis | gel electropheresis takes advantage of the fact that dna is negatively charged. |
| how gel electro works? | dna will migrate through the gel from negative to positive poles. How far each piece of dna travels depends on its size |
| smaller pieces of dna in gel | travel farther |
| larger pieces in gel | remain near the top of the gel |
| uses for fragment analysis | to determine carrier for a disease, Dna fingerprint. |
| DNA fingerprint can be used | to establish the relationship between two people |
| DNA microarrays | used genes to check which genes are active in a particular type of cell at a particular time. |
| Microarrays are also used | in exploring how tissues respond to new drugs |
| applications of DNA tech | 1. DNA fingerprinting. 2. Identification of gene mutation. 3. gene therapy |
| CFTR | codes protein that allows proper ion balance. in mutated form, it causes cystic fibrosis. |
| Genetic engineering of animals | A. production of animals with disirable characteristics. B. Animals that have been altered to produce human proteins. |
| Genetically enginneered bacteria and yeast | can be used to produce human proteins. insulin, human growth horomone are produced this way. |
| many bacteria can remove heavy metal | such as copper |
| genetically engineered plants | given desirable traits. * golden rice. high in beta carotene. |
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