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EEOB Physio Exam 1
exam 1 animal physio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Adaption | generational change based on genetics |
| Acclimatization | individual change due to envirinmental change Type of pheontypic plasticity |
| Homeostasis | constancy maintained in the presence of change NOt just external constancy is costly but less change reduces cost |
| Reactive vs. Proactive homeostasis | feedback vs. feedforward |
| Time Frames (externally Dictated) | Externally Dictated Acute, Chronic (days/weeks), Evolutionary(adaption) |
| Internally dictated time frames | often have external cues and/or resets developmental(not the same for developing org. vs. older organism) i.e. Caterpillar--> butterfly Programmed changes inside of an organism periodical changes via. biological clocks |
| Abiotic Environmental contributions | Non-living, temperature, water, oxygen, nutrients |
| BIotic environmental Contributions | Living! Predation, habitat |
| Self environmental contributions | if multicellular |
| Environmental alterations, Microenvironment | Organisms living ungerground rely on snow cover for warmth |
| Environmental Alterations, self-altered | Organism plays on environment to limit change |
| Most Influental Environment Factor: Temperature | Conformers: aquatic are active from -2, to 52C. Terrestrial inactive below 0C, can be frozen or supercooled, -90 C= lowest amt. found to go to and survuive Non-conformers/ regulators: similar upper limits, active below terrestrial lower limits |
| Most Influental Environment Factor: Oxygen (relitavely new earth component, 2-3 byo) | Benefits: Primary component for metabolic energy. Needed to counteract H+ build-up. Terrestrial: 21% O2, but increased alt. decreases pressure Aquatic: max. of 3-5% of sea level air, breathe air attatch H+ to another |
| Most Influental Environment Factor: Water | Salinity: origin in salt water, As salinity decreases water flow is affected Terrestrial: Stradle the barrier of land and water; prevent desiccation by submersion or drinking. Protect against evaporation, but blocks more than just water. |
| Types of membranes | Cell (aka plasma) & intracellular |
| fluid mosaic model | Covalent bonds allow components to move constantly |
| T & tails component: | POlar outsied and non-polar inside, kinds and types of tails decide fluidity |
| Embedded bilayer proteins | Integral: no removal w/o damage Transmembrane: most, ampipathic |
| Peripheral Proteins | removable not w/in bilayer usually outside often help to anchor |
| Sterols | class of lipids, move in plasma, impacts deforming ex: cholesterol, barely ampipathic, 99% non polar |
| Carbohydrate | Covalent to lipids or proteins always an extracellular leaflet/layer involved in cell recognition and protection |
| Connecting membranes =? | Junctions |
| Occluding Junctions | tightly sealing plasma membrane, tight & seperate junctions (insects) protein based fusion of 2 membranes continous ring involves many adjacent |
| Desmosome | Protein Connetion isolated holds: holds in just one spot |
| Gap junctions | 2 cells fused with a gap, protein channels allow for transfer within |
| Epithelum | Sheet of connecting cells forming a boundary Orientation: apical side (outside) & Basolateral (sides and bottom) Asymmetrical distribution due to tight jxns. mediates movement: transcellular; paracellular |
| Protein Channel | PRovides path for aqueous flow |
| Protein Transporter: | moves certain molecules intact across the membrane |
| Protein Enzyme: | Catalyzes a covalent bonding reaction |
| Protein Receptor | Binds specific molecules and consequently alters membrane and or cell |
| Protein Structural | Acts as an anchor and/or support |
| 1' protein structure | Covalently bonded amino acids |
| 2' Protein structure | noncovalent neighbor, amino acid interactions generally, highly regular geometric structures |
| 3' Protein structures | larger 3d structures, noncovalent distant amino acid interactions, often creates domains repeating structural patterns denaturing |
| 4' Protein structure | combining several proteins into a large group, can be same or differrent |
| Enzymes | Catalysts(A+E <-->AE-Complex<-->BE complex<--> B+E accelerate rxns. |
| The NOTS of enzymes | Not consumed in process, keep working Dont alter mass action, begin & end mass are same Not a "lock and key", enzyme shapes change |
| Metabolism; Catabolism vs. anabolsim | break down vs. build up |
| Kinetics= velocity propetties of rxns | Hyperbolic, V= Vmax [S]/[S] + Km Vmax= top velocity= saturated system km= 1/2 sat. constant; flatter curbes have greater Km |
| Sigmoid Kinetics | Slow s-shaped curve multiple substrates w/dependent sites creates need for a build up--> S shape curve |
| Periocidity in the environment (4) | Circadian Tidal Lunar cycle Annual (seasons) |
| Endogenous rhythm, the "clock" | Based ona rhythm in gene expression clock genes upregulated, which creates down regulation but the down regulators are broken down at a steady rate |
| Free Running rhythym | Environmental cues removed; isolation= no environment |
| Entrainment | matching to environment; helps to reset the clock |
| Water in cells and organisms | Most abundant substance in living systems 80% of a cell 65-75% of organism weight is water all chemical reactions and transport |
| Waters properties | within: Covalently bonded, but polar Between: Noncovalent, H+ bonds; weaker than covalent, transient |
| Consequences of water properties | internal cohesion liquid state=3.4 solid state=4 can withstand forces, gravity Polar solvent, non-polar gases (O2) poorly soluble |
| Ficks Law (rate of diffusion) | J=D(C1-C2)/X J= net # of soulte passing into decreasing [S] region X= Distance sep. two regions C=[S] ina region; C1 must be higher D= diffusion coefficent( boundary properties) |
| Consequences to J | Size of gradient can protect organism (heat loss w/clothing) Negatively impacted by flow |
| Distance in Ficks law | Inversley related to diff. rate, ineffective at non sub-cellular distances will need aid via connective flow |
| Properties of boundaries | Highly variable boundry itself= cell embrane nonpolar tail region allows non-polar, blocks polar |
| Solute traits | Polarity Size |
| Osmosis | Limited membrane movement, Diffusin coefficent impacted by: % cholesterol, decrease in allowable size Water channels: auqaporins |
| Impacts to C1 or C2 | impacted bysolutes, inverse (more solute=less water) |
| Animals size compared to SA:V | As an animal grows SA:V ratio gets smaller |
| Osmolarity | [S]/Vol. |
| Cell implications to water | Hypertonic- water moves out; high solute outside Hypotonic- water moves in |
| Important ions and cellular concentration | Na+: less inside K+: more inside CL-: less inside |
| Passive transport | through membrane, channel Gated: moving 1 compund Voltage; Stretch; ligand; phosphorylated |
| Active transport | pumps, up-hill transport Energy required= direct=1' ATP breakdown Indirect=2' ATP "hidden" |
| Example of 1' Active transport | proton pump: acidifes stomach lumen, countertransport of H+/K+ OR Na+/K+ pump |
| Example of 2' Active transport | Glucose aided uptake from intestine, starts with Na+/K+ pump, then entry of Na+ is enrgy driven by Glucose into cell, Glucose against |
| Colligative Properties of H2O | Dependent on concentration; only dissolved OSmosis: impacts vol. change Water Vapor Pressure: Ties to humidity Freezing Point: Salt water below 0C Boliing Point: nonreleveant |
| Fluid Compartments | Intracellular Extracellular- if closed circular system becomes interstital and plasma (3 total) Humans = 3 |
| Regulation of fluid compartment | 1. osmotic pressure: when osmotic gradient is maintained b/c the membrane is semipermeable & immobile 2. Inorganic Ions 3. Total amount of water (volume) kidney is key organ for regulation |
| Water effects on freshwater fish | Influx of water Osmotic pressure=lower inorganic ions= diluted and/or lost volume=increased |
| Salinity | gm dissolved inorganic matter/kg of water |
| Water Ion composition | fairly constant for seawater; large bodies of water highly variable for freshawater, smaller, increased land contact |
| Salinity Gradients | Brackish waters, where fresh and salt water meet |
| Is water in air analogous to oxygen in water? | air is a water sink, not source dehydrates |
| Humidity | water content in air |
| Water vapor pressure | proportion of total atmoshphere pressure due to water vapor |
| Rate of evaporation eqn. | J=K(WVPs-WVPa)/X J=net rate of evaporation WVPs= water vapor pressure of solution WVPa= water vapor pressure of air K= proportionality factor X= distance seperating solution and air |
| Water consumption Dehydration | dehydration: regulator drinks seawater or eats marine conformer regulator eats protein-rich foods(N-watse= urine) |
| Water Consumption Hydration | increased by eating at night, store food underground |
| metabolic water | created by the animal itself |
| Obligatory water losses | respiration: evaporation w/getting oxygen urinary: flush nitrogenous wastes fecal: flush digestive wastes |
| Cell Volume | based on cell contents/ solutes mechanism for solute regualtion: adjust amino acids |
| Solute regualtion in cell volume | increase by catabolism vs. anabolism decrease membrane permeability increase protein production |
| Must decrease any cellular compund but cannot catabolize or export the compound | increase cell volume by increased solute= above or import solute |
| Regulator in freshwater internal concentration vs. environment | most everythiing inside will be more concentrated water will be gained, slight prevention Ions will be lost, prevented mostly by ion channels and gradients |
| Regulator in freshwater compensations | overall trade off? Homeostasis costs energy! Gain? Access, more access to inhabit, increased food, increased mating |
| Regulator in freshwater Blood compared to seawater relatives | more dilute=decreased gradient=decreased cost= more viable gains permeability: integument resistant to water and salt Urine: void excess water, but recovers ions Active ion uptake Selective eating, regulator=concentrated packets |
| Regulator in Saltwater Internal concentration vs. environment | most everything will be less concentrated water will be lost, slight prevention Ions will be gained, prevention is mostly capable |
| Regulator in Saltwater Compensations | where can they get water to compensate for the loss? Drink it!! 10-20% of body weight Active ion transport into blood decrease NaCl concentration Excreted in urnine, gills provide active ion expulsion, Selective eating= regulators are waterier pockets |
| Non-fish Marine organisms | hyperosmotic compared to non-marine relatives low integument permeability low respiratory loss gain salts from food |
| Non-fish marine organisms solutions to salt | birds and reptiles have excretory salt glands mammals produce very concentrated urine |
| Elasmobranch: Sharks, skates and rays | Gain water; slight prevention Gain Ions; Mostly prevented have kidneys and salt glands |
| Elasmobranch: sharks, rays Hyperosmotic blood maintenance | increased inorganic solutes=Urea & TMAU= recover from urine urea is produced from ammonia, waste product from protein catabolism TMAO: affects ureas effects |
| Terrestrial Water costs | evaporation, across intigument; respiration (dependent on type of system and body type) Waste excretion: urine &feces |
| Kidneys | eliminate aq. solutions derived from bodily fluids (blood, EC) regulates bodily fluids by controlled excretion |
| Kidney anatomy | Cortex: outermost area Medulla: inner area renal papilla penal pelvis uretur: outlet vessel |
| Nephron anatomy | renal corpuscle: -glomerulus:blood compartment -bowmans capsule proximal convoluted tubule collecting duct |
| Mechanism for renal flow | size based, pressure driven filtration |
| Renal filtration; composition | smaller than proteins inorganics (Na, K, Cl) Small organics (glucose, urea, amino-acids) |
| loop of henle | defines the medulla descending: aquaporins, no NaCl movement ascending: no aquaporins; NaCl movement |
| Kidney keys | loop changes the lumen and IF CD flows through loop-altered IF |
| T/F Addaption is an ind. response to environmental change | False |
| T/F An enzyme reduces the Ea | True |
| T/F a tadpole becoming a frog is an example of a developmental process completley independent of the environment? | False, mostly ind. |
| Which abiotic factor has a significant greater impact on aquatic than terrestrial animals? | oxygem, less in the water |
| Michaelis-menten kinetics | predicts that the velocity is inversly related to the enzymes affinity for the substarte |
| FIB: In the epithilium of vertebrates, the_____ ___ type of junction greatly decrease______ movement. | tight junctions, paracellular |
| List three distinctly different externally dictated time frmes for physiologically change: | Acute, chronic, evolutionary |
| Define, Homeostatis: | concstancy maintained in the presence of chnage |
| Explain fluid mosaic model: | the molecules of the lipid bilayer can move around the membrane and that proteins are associtated with is a mosaic. These compounds are noncovalentyl bonded to each other allowing for the movement of molecules because of the weakness of the bond. |
| T/F a denatured protein has lost its 3' structure | True |
| T/F conformers can be active below -20C | False, -2 |
| T/F Carbs are associated with the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane? | False, outer |
| Oxygen benefit | it is the primary component of metabolic energy in animals |
| Peripheral proteins | are not transmembrane proteins |
| FIB: Name two distinctly different solutins to dealing with a lock of consistency available water: | 1. straddle the barrier 2. protect against loss 3. dormacy |
| Name three distinctly different functions of proteins | channel, receptor, enzyme, transporte, structural |
| define: catalyst | A compound that accelerates a reaction but is not consumed in the reaction |
| exlain the difference between the fouce of studying physio. historically and currently | Historically, physio looked at the mechanistic details by answering proximate questions like how an organism works. Modernly, physio has its focus on function by answering ultimate questions like why does an organism work that way? |
| T/F diffusion is only effective at subcellular distances | TRue |
| T/F a hydrophobic compound can more easily cross a cell membrane than a lipophobic one | True |
| T/F animals have either 2 or 3 fluid compartments | True |
| Whats the osmaolartiy of 3 mol KCl and 4 mol Glucose in 2 L soluton? | 5osm |
| Based on ficks law, whats directly related to the rate of diffusion? | Size of the gradient |
| List 3 distinctly different types of biological rhythms present in animals | lunar, tidal, circasian, annual |
| list colligative properties | osmosis, freezng point, water vapor pressure |
| Define: mediated transporter | a protein that noncovalently and reversibly binds w/a specific solute to allow that solutes movement across the membrane |
| Waters crucial to physio. First, explain its two key properties and consequence to physio. | 1. covalent bonded w/in but polar- polar solvent but problem with nonpolar gases 2. noncovalent, h-bonds bonded between- internal cohesion against external forces |
| t/f less than half an organisms weight is water | False, more |
| passive transport is always w/the gradient wand w/out enrgy cost? | True |
| a cell placed in a hypertonic solution will increase in volume | false, decrease |
| whats the osm. of 4 mol MgCl2 and 3 mol ATP in .5 L? | 30 osm |
| What will increase the diffusion coefficent of water? | decrease in the % of cholesterol in the membrane |
| list 3 types of gatings for channels? | voltage, stretch, phosphorylation, ligand |
| When not experiencing environometal cues, a biological rhythm is referred to as ______ ____ rhythm. It can be rematched to the environment via________. | free-running, entrainment/phasing factor |
| Define: rate of diffusion J: | net number of solute passing into lower soulte conc. region per second |
| you have two solutions of a cation seperated by a membrane. based on calc., you calc. J but find it to be less than observed J. explain two scenarios for why the scenario could occur: | 1. there is an electrical impact. it is less than the conc. contributuon but in the same direction. 2. there is an electrical impact. It is more than the conc. contribution but in the same direction. |
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kelch.28
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