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Neuro Diencephalon
Neuro Diencephalon Motor System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Diencephalon is divided into four parts. List them: | Epithalamus, Thalamus, Subthalamus, Hypothalamus |
| Where is the Thalamus? | The thalamus represents the most rostral part of the diencephalon. It is composed of two large ovoid gray masses separated by the third ventricle |
| Where is the Hypothalamus? | The hypothalamus forms the floor of the third ventricle, it is cone shaped, it is a very small but important part of diencephalon and it lies below the thalamus. |
| What gland is located in the Epithalamus? | The Pineal Gland |
| What is the Pineal Gland responsible for? | The pineal gland is an endocrine organ that is involved with reproductive cycles, secretion of melatonin, and regulation of circadian rhythms. |
| What is melatonin? | color-changing hormone: a hormone derived from serotonin and secreted by the pineal gland that produces changes in the skin color of vertebrates, reptiles, and amphibians and is important in regulating biorhythms including circadian rhythms. |
| What are circadian rhythms? | Circadian Rhythms are the sleep-wake cycles. |
| What is the reproductive effect of the pineal gland on animals? | |
| What is the effect of a tumor in the pineal gland? | Precotious puberty |
| Where is the subthalamus located? | The subthalmus is located below the thalamus and lateral to the hypothalamus. |
| What does the subthalamus contain with regard to nuclei? | The subthalamus contains the Red nucleus, the substantia nigra, and the subthalamic nuclei. |
| The subthalamus nuclei are interconnected with what? | The subthalamus nuclei are interconnected with the basal ganglia. |
| What is the thalamus? | The thalamus is a large, egg-shaped nuclear mass that is part of a large number of pathways. |
| What are some of the pathways that the thalamus is part of? | The thalamus is part of the following pathways: All sensory pathways relay in the thalamus. Anatomical loops of cerebellar, basal ganglionic and limbic pathways. |
| Thalamus nuclei can be subdivided based upon: | location and function |
| Thalamic Nuclei have specific: | Relay functions. |
| Sensory Relay Nuclei Include: | The VPL / VPM and the geniculate nuclei |
| VPL | somatosensory input from the body (STT, ML) |
| VPM | somato sensory information from the head (solitary, TTT) |
| The geniculate nuclei include the what? | The geniculate nuclei include the Lateral Geniculate Nucleas and the Medial Geniculate Nucleus |
| The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus is: | the visual system |
| The Medial Geniculate Nucleus is: | the auditory system |
| The other specific relay nuclei of the thalamus is the Motor Relay Nuclei which is responsible for what: | The Motor Relay Nuclei of the Thalamus recieves input from the cerebellum and the basal ganglia and output from the motor and premotor cortex (VA, VL) |
| Where does the Motor Relay Nuclei of the Thalamus receive input from: | The Motor Relay Nuclei of the Thalamus receives input from the cerebellum and the basal ganglia. |
| Where does the Motor Relay Nuclei of the Thalamus send output to: | The Motor Relay Nuclei of the Thalmus sends output to the Motor and Premotor Cortex (VA, VL) |
| What are three other types of Thalamic Nuclei? | Three othAer types of thalamic nuclei are the: Association Nuclei, the Non-Specific Nuclei, and the Subcortical Nuclei |
| The Association Nucleus of the Thalamic Nucleus projects to where? | The Association Nucleus projects to specific association cortices. |
| The Non-Specific Nuclei of the Thalamic Nuclei project to where: | The Non-Specific Nuclei of the Thalamic Nuclei project to extremely widespread areas of the cortex. |
| The Subcortical Nuclei of the Thalamic Nuclei project where? | The Subcortical Nuclei do not have projection to the cerebral cortex. |
| What statement can be made about Blood Supply to the Thalamus? | Blood supply to the thalamus comes mostly from branches of the PCA (posterior cerebral artery.) |
| A lesion to the posterior thalamus can result in what? | A lesion to the posterior thalamus can result in Thalamic Syndrome. |
| What is Thalamic Syndrome? | Thalamic Syndrome is characterized by: Thalamic Pain and Loss of Somatic Sensation in the contrallateral head and body. |
| Thalamic Pain is triggered by: | somaosensory stimuli triggers the thalamic pain that is a characteristic of Thalamic Syndrome. |
| Hemianesthesia is what? | Hemianesthesia is an abolished discriminative tactile sensibility that is prevalent in Thalamic Syndrome |
| Sensory Type Ataxia is what? | Sensory Type Ataxia is an impaired position sense and is characteristic of Thalamic Syndrome. |
| What does the Hypothalamus interconnect with? | The Hypothalamus interconnects with various components of the limbic system. |
| The Hypothalamus has interconnections with the visceral and somatic nuclei via what? | The Reticular Formation |
| Visceral and somatic nuclei can exist where? | The brainstem. |
| The interconnections that exist between the Hypothalamus and the Reticular Formation affect what? | The interconnections that exist between the Hypothalamus and the Reticular Formation affect many things, integrates many things, and affects how we function on a day to day basis. |
| What are the functional aspects of the Hypothalamus? | The Hypothalamus is relevant to the overall control of the autonomic nervous system. |
| What kind of tasks of the autonomic nervous system does the Hypothalamus help regulate? | Feeding and drinking behaviors Temperature regulation (ie: blood temp) Gut motility-swallowing (wavelike movement that pushes food down) Sexual activity Emotional Behavior |
| What effect can a lesion on the hypothalamus have? | Difficulty in maintaining body temperature Eating and drinking disorders Personality changes Sexual Disfunction Somnolence |
| What is Hyperphagia? | Hyperphagia is gross overeating - obesity |
| What is Aphagia: | Aphagia is undereating, starvation |
| What is Adipsia? | Adipsia is a drinking disorder / not drinking |
| Hyperphagia, Aphagia and Adipsia relate to what? | Hyperphagia, Aphagia and Adipsia can result from lesions to the Hypothalamus. |
| A lesion to the hypothalamus can result in personality changes such as: | Irritibility and rage |
| An abnormal emotional response that can be descxribed as irritibility and rage, relevant to a lesion to the hypothalamus is called specifically: | Hypothalamic Rage |
| What is Somnolence? | Somnolence is Sleepiness |
| What are the things that pass through the Internal Capsule? | Descending fibers from the cortex Assending fibers from the thalamus |
| Damage to the Internal Capsule could be deadly for what reason? | Damage to the interal capsule is like 'losing the main highway.' |
| List the boundaries of the Internal Capsule: | Laterally = lenticular nucleus Inferiorly: cerebral penduncles Superiorly: corona radiata |
| What are the five regions of the Interal Capsule? | Anterior Limb, Posterior Limb, Genu, Retrolenticular Part, and the Sublenticular Part |
| What does the Anterior Limb of the Internal Capsule do? | |
| What does the Posterior Limb of the Internal Capsule do? | The posterior limb of the internal capsule carries motor and somoatosentory fibers. |
| What happens when there is a lesion to the posterior limb of the internal capsule? | A lesion to the posterior limb of the internal capsule can result in motor and somatosensory deficits. |
| What does the Genu in the Internal Capsule do? | The Genu is the part of the Interior Capsule that contains motor and premotor cortex fibers. |
| What part of the internal capsule is important in the integration of cerebellum, basal ganglia, and premotor cortex? | The Genu |
| A lesion to the Genu in the Internal Capsule can result in what? | A lesion to the Genu in the internal capsule can cause significant deficits in motor control |
| What does the Retrolenticular part of the Internal Capsule do? | The Retrolenticular part of the Internal Capsule interconnects the thalamus to the parietal-occipital-temporal association cortex. |
| What is the POTA | The POTA is part of the Internal Capsule and it is where the retrolenticular part of the internal capsule connects to the thalamus; it is the Parietal-Occipital-Temporal Associate Cortex. |
| Disruption to the Retrolenticular Part of the Internal Capsule can result in what? | Damage to the retrolenticular part of the internal capsule can result in APHASIA, language problems. |
| What does the sublenticular part of the thalamus do? | The sublenticular part of the thalamus contains the optic radiation to the visual cortex from the LGN and also the auditory radiation fibers from the MGN to the auditory cortex. |
| uditory sublenticular part of the internal capsule can result in what? | Auditory and vision problems can result from a lesion to the sublenticular part of the internal capsule. |
| A lesion to the internal capsule that can affect blood supply is impacting what? | The Lenticulostriate arteries (part of the MCA) |
| A lesion to the posterior limb portion of the internal capsule can result in what? | A lesion to the posterior limbs of the internal capsule can result in hermiparesis or hemianesthesia. |
| What is hemiparesis? | Hemiparesis is muscle weakness. |
| Hemianesthesia is what? | sensory problems. |
| If a lesion occurs in the posterior limb of the internal capsule, is the result ipsilateral or contralateral? | The effect of a lesion in the posterior limb of the internal capsule is CONTRALATERAL. |
| A lesion to which part of the internal capsule can result in Homonymous Hemianopsia? | A lesion to the retrolenticular or sublenticular areas of the internal capsule can result in homonymous hemianopsia. |
| A lesion to which part of the internal capsule can result in minor auditory deficit? | A lesion to the retrolenticular or sublenticular part of the internal capsule can result in minor auditory deficit. |
| A lesion to which part of the internal capsule can result in aphasia? | A lesion to the retrolenticular or sublenticular part of the internal capsule can reulst in aphasia. |
| What two systems comprise the motor system? | The Corticobulbar (Cortex) and Corticospinal Systems comprise the Motor System. |
| Input to the Corticospinal Tract comes from: | The primary motor cortex Somatosensory cortex of the postcentral gyrus Premotor Cortex Supplementary motor area |
| Corticalspinal Tract / Two Parts | Lateral Corticospinal Tract - 85% of fibers Anterior Corticospinal Tract - 15 - 20% of fibers |
| What has direct projection from pyramidal cells? | The Corticospinal Tract |
| Posterior limb of internal capsule | Motor area of internal capsule |
| Where do motor area fibers of the motor system decussate? | Caudal Medulla (pyramidal decussation) |
| Where do motor fibers of motor system terminate? | Motor system motor fibers terminate in the ventral horn of the Spinal Cord or in the brainstem reticular formation. |
| Lateral Corticulospinal Tract fibers (do/do not) decussate? | Lateral Corticuspinal Tract fibers DO decussate. |
| Anterior Corticospinal Tract fibers (do/do not) decussate? | Anterior Corticospinal Tract fibers DO NOT decussage. |
| Anterior Corticospinal Tract fibers descend to where and terminate where? | Anterior Corticospinal Tract fibers descend to the spinal cord and terminate on ventral horn. |
| Corticobulbar Tract is like a what? | a train from RI to CA |
| Why is the Corticobulbar Tract like a train? | It goes from the pyramidal cells in the motor area of cortex to the brainstem motor nuclei and all the stops are on brainstem motor nuclei (ie: V, VII, IKX, X, etc. etc.) |
| The Corticobulbar Motor Area Pyramidal Cells: | go into posterior limb of the internal capsule and then synapse on motor nuclei in pons, medulla and SC then to cranial nerves. |
| Corticobulbar Tract / Bilateral Innervation | Bilateral Innervation means one side covers both sides and same with the other side - it covers both sides too EXCEPT FOR LOWER FACE... |
| What does NOT HAVE bilateral innervation? | Lower Face. FAcial motor nucleus for the lower face is NOT bilaterally innervated. |
| What are some components of upper motor neurons? | Neurons in motor, premotor, and supplementary motor cortex. |
| What is another component of the Upper Motor Neurons? | Axons that descend from motor, premotor and supplementary motor cortex. The axons end on Lower Motor Neurons. |
| Lower Motor Neurons: | Need to know EVERYTHING! |
| Ventral root fibers arise from: | alpha motor neurons |
| Myoneral junction is what? | Where alpha efferents synapse on the muscle. |
| The nerve fiber divides into many what? | Branches. |
| The end of lower motor neurons (fiber ends) contain what? | Mitochondria and synaptic vesicles which contain transmitter substances. |
| Another thing that motor neurons have is | Muscle fiber. |
| An Upper Motor Lesion can result in an interruption of connections between what? | The Cortex and the Motor Nuclei of the brainstem or spinal cord. |
| UMN Lesion above pyramids: | contralateral symptoms |
| UPN Lesion below level of decussation: | ipsilateral effects |
| UMN Lesion that is bilateral in Spinal Cord: | involvement of all descending motor fibers below level of lesion |
| UMN Lesions can result in behavioral signs: | Paresis, Hyperreflexia, Hypertonia, Spasticity, Spastic Dysarthria |
| Paresis: | weakness but can move very weakly, OR paralysis (complete weakness) |
| Hyperreflexia: | increased reflex |
| HYpertonia | increased muscle tone - body feels very stiff |
| Spasticity | hyperflexia & hypertonia (resists movement) |
| UMN lesions involving speech mechanism when bilateral lesions occur: | spastic dysarthria |
| Lesion of LOWER MOTOR NEURON (LMN) | lesions can result in Flaccid paralysis, Atrophy, flaccid dysarthria, Fasciculation |
| Flaccid Paralysis: | muscles supplied by LMN become limp because impulses cannot reach them |
| Atrophy | muscles eventually shrink and are replaced by fat |
| Flaccid dysarthria | LMN lesions involving muscles of speech production |
| Fasciculation: | abnormal weird jiggle movement of body or body parts in unpredictable manner. |
| Melatonin | Melatonin comes from pineal gland, which also is in charge of the amount of melatonin released into the body. For some reason, when not very much light is striking the retina, melatonin is released in high amounts which affects circadian rhythms. |
| Effect of pineal gland on animals: | Unlike humans, many animals are completely incapable of reproducing during non-breeding seasons due to no sperm production. The mating season is determined by the amount of light exposed to the horse's retina. |
Created by:
Lynnzi
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