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Small Animal Surgery
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Neurotmesis, neuropraxia | Permanent, temporary |
| Malunion | fracture healing with subsequent deformity |
| delayed union | fracture is healing slower than expected |
| non-union | when opposed ends of the fracture have failed to unite and to ossify |
| Triple pelvic osteotomy, complications? | narrowed pelvic canal, sciatic neuropraxia, implant failure, progressive OA, abnormal gait |
| OFA view? | hip extended radiographic view |
| Pancreas, B-cells, alpha-cells | Beta cells produce insulin, alpha cells produce glucagon |
| When removing the thyroid, what should you be careful not to damage? | recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| Hyperthyroidism in cats masks... | renal disease |
| Contusion, strain | bruise muscle, strain = ligament |
| External Fixators Ia, Ib, IIa, IIb, III | Ia: unilateral frame Ib: unilateral biplanar IIa: bilateral with full IIb: bilateral with full and half III: bilateral and biplaner |
| Best angle for z-plasty | 60 degrees |
| best surgical treatment for ruptured CCL that has the ability to control long term OA | TPLO |
| type B synoviocytes | fibroblast-like cells, produce hyaluron and enzymes |
| what causes degloving injuries? | result of shearing forces which sever cutaneous vessels apposed to skin, physiologic: devitalized; anatomic: ripped off |
| wound lavage, psi? solutions? | 7-8 psi, 35-60 mls syringe w/ 18 gauge needle providine iodine 1%, 100ml in 1L chlorohex 0.05%, 25mls in 1L |
| horners syndrome is a deficit of | sympathetic activity |
| how many organisms per gram of tissue is dirty or infected wounds | 10^5 |
| bandage for a coxofemoral luxation | Kirchnar-Ther sling |
| Incidence of surgical wound infections? Clean? Clean contaminated? Contaminated? Dirty? | Clean: 0-4.4% Clean cont: 4.5-9.5% Cont: 5.8-28.6% Dirty: inplies infection |
| IM pin does not protect against what type of force | rotation |
| Adrenal mass, special treatment? | manipulation of adrenal may cause catecholamine release pheochromtoma |
| why is toggle pinning a coxofemoral luxation bad | injury to rectum, sciatic nerve damage, articular cartilage damage, reluxation, temporary lameness |
| 4 A's of fracture assessment | apposition, alignment, apparatus, activity |
| Juvenile pubic synphysiodesis (JPS) | pelvic fusing, performed 3-4 months of age |
| feline hyperthyroidism mostly associated with? | adenomatous hyperplasia |
| Achilles tendon rupture breaks what | gastroc tendon, superficial digital flexor tendon, common tendon of biceps |
| 4 wound classifications | clean, clean-contaminated, contaminated, dirty/infected |
| what is the difference between a biliroth I an dII | Biliroty II no pylorus and deodunum, have to move papilla |
| how much bowl can be resected in dog? | 80-85% |
| Mammals have what type of vessels? | dogs have direct arterous vessels |
| what suture pattern do you use to suture over another | cushing |
| what psinal cord injury is inoperable | FCE |
| 4 majure canine trunk axial pattern flaps | omocervical, thracodorsal, deep circumflexiliac dorsal brance, deep circumflex iliac ventral branch, caudal superficial epigastric |
| what suture material has the best knot security | stainless steel |
| when can you remove a PEG tube for a gastrotomy tube? | Do not remove until gastric has formed to body wall 7-10d, after removed gastrocutaneous fistula seals within 24 hours and heals by 2nd intention |
| expected tube production | 1-2ml/kg/d/tube |
| what is the difference between IVDD chondrodystrophic type I and II | I: full extrusion II: protrusion (bulge) |
| orthopedic diseases in dogs | acute non weight bearing lameness for >3 days, lameness on and off for >3 weeks, recurrent lameness of >3 times |
| 4 non-viable non unions | dystrophic, necrotic, defect, atrophic |
| 3 variable non-unions | hypertrophic: elephants foot, horse foot oligotrophic |
| infraspinatus contracture | functions: external rotation of shoulder, abduction of humerus, flexor or extension of he shoulder, lateral collateral ligament, inability to pronate shoulder |
| acetabular growth plates, description? close at how old/ | tripartite: allows plastic changes in first 6 months, close at 6 months of age |
| 6 terms of fracture description | open/closed complete/incomplete simple/comminuted location (part of bone) configuration displacement |
| what nerve do you need to look out for when doing a teca | facial nerve, unable to blink |
| when does the anconeal process fail to unite | 20weeks of age (5 months), fixation with lag screw <6 months, excise unwanted fragment >6 months old |
| Pancreas ducts | dog: accessory pancreatic duct - minor duodenal papilla cat: pancreatic duct - major duodenal papilla |
| bicepital tenosynovitis | -chronic tendon strain, inflammation of biceps brachii tendon and synovial sheath -US of biceps tendon mineralization, tendon rupture, synovial hypertension -tenodesis reattach to humerus |
| bandage to keep shoulder flexed | valpeau sling |
| what extenral bandage do you want for an elbow luxation | spica |
| osteochondrosis places | shoulder, stifle, elbow, tarsus, large breed 4-7 months old |
| forelimb, hindlimb | ocd: shoulder, elbow elbow dysplasia: ocd, FMCP, incongruence Pano: diaphyseal, metaphysial HOD: long bone metaphysis Hindlimb: OCD of stifle hip dysplasia, patellar luxation, leg-calve-perthes, inherited pano, HOP |
| granulation tissue rate? cells? | 4-1 mm/d, myofibroblasts |
| blood supply to skin, major plexus | subdermal (deep) |
| origin of cranial cruciate ligament? crcl prevents? | caudal medial aspect of lateral condyle prevents drawer motion, excessive internal rotation, hyperextension of stifle |
| 3 types of bone cysts | subchondral - osteochondrosis aneurysmal - secondar to hemodynamic attractions of the bone marrow unicameral - metaphyseal of long bone, lytic |
| bone supply dogs and cats have __ vessels | direct cutaneous |
| 4 grades of tracheal collapse? | I: 25% II: 50% III: 75% IV: complete |
| persistent right aortic arch, develops from? entraps? | Aorta develops from right 4th aortic arch, entraps esophagus and trachea |
| surgical closure of PDA? | between vagus nerve and phrenic nerve |
| what should you avoid when doing surgery on oral mucosa | clentrosurgery |
| most common heart base tumor | aortic body tumor - chemodectoma |
| cats with nasopharyngeal polyps also have | otitis media |
| 3 stages of laryngeal collapse | 1: eversion of laryngeal saccules 2: coneiform process of arytanoid cartilages collpase into lumen 3: corniculate process of arytnoid cartilages collapse |
| most common gastric neoplasia in dogs? cats? | dogs - adenocarcinoma cat: lymphoma |
| PRAA surgery steps | left 4th interostal thoracotomy, ligate, divide ligamentum arteriosum pass esophagual tube +/- balloon dilate |
| Neurological- cerebral lesion signs | Changes in mental status Seizures Contra lateral limb sign, central blindness Ipsilateral circling Other mental abberations(circling) |
| Diencephalic lesion signs | Depression, aggression Endocrine changes: dm/insipid us, cushings, excess or reduced growth hormone, hypothyroid. Abnormal temp regulation Visual /plr changes Seizures |
| Midbrain deficits | CN 3/4 deficits Rostral midbrain= contra lateral limb deficits Caudal midbrain=ipsilateral limb deficits Changes in responsiveness Hyperventilation |
| Pontomedullary | CN5(pons), cn6-12(medulla) Ipsilateral limb deficits Head tilt/circling/nystagmu(cn8) central vestibular Irregular respirations |
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