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Bio 100 Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the modes of reproduction? | Sexual and Asexual |
| What is asexual reproduction? | Single parent produces offspring, No fusion of egg and sperm, Genetically identical offspring, Mitosis |
| What are the three types of asexual reproduction? | Budding, Fission, Regeneration |
| How does a Hydra reproduce? | Budding |
| How do planaria and euglena reproduce? | Fission |
| How does a starfish reproduce? | Regeneration |
| What are the advantages of asexual reproduction? | Less complex, less energy required, faster turn around time |
| What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction? | No Variation |
| What is parthenogenesis? | Haploid egg develops into adults without fertilization |
| What is hermaphroditism? | one individual having both ovaries and testes |
| What is sexual reproduction? | Meiosis , joining of sperm and egg, offspring with genetic variation |
| What is fertilization and what does it form? | Joining of sperm and egg, forms zygote |
| What are the advantages of sexual reproduction? | Increased genetic variability |
| What is the cost of sexual reproduction? | Time, Energy, Finding Mate |
| What are the mechanisms of fertilization? | external and internal |
| What is external fertilization? | egg and sperm are deposited into water, little or no contact between mating adults |
| What do male frogs have that show that they use external fertilization? | Strong bicep muscles and little knobs on thumbs to push eggs out of female |
| What is internal fertilization? | deposit of sperm directly into female |
| What is oviparous? | egg birth, nutrition from yolk |
| What is ovoviviparous? | egg live birth, nutrition from yolk, egg ruptures, then a live birth occurs |
| What is viviparous? | live birth, nutrition comes from mother |
| What 3 things characterize mammals? | 3 middle ear bones Milk Hair |
| What are monotremes? | mammals, oviparous, no nipples, ex. Platypus and Echidna (spikey thing) |
| What are marsupials? | Viviparous, complete development inside a pouch |
| What are placentals? | viviparous, placenta connects offspring to mother |
| What are primary sex characteristics? | Those necessary for reproduction, reproductive organs, ducts, glands, external genitalia |
| What are secondary sex characteristics? | not directly involved, plays a role in reproductive behavior, ex. body hair, voice deeper |
| In the male system meiosis produces what? | Haploid spermatids |
| What is the head of a sperm? | Acrosome- where the chromosomes are |
| What is the body of a sperm? | mitochondria |
| What is the tail of a sperm? | Flagellum |
| What is the function of a scrotum? | to hold the testes, contracts and relaxes to cool or warm sperm |
| What are in testes? | Seminiferous tubules |
| What do sertoli cells do? | take care of developing sperm |
| What do leydig cells do? | produce testosterone |
| What is an epididymis and what is its function? | sits on tops of testes and finalizes sperm |
| What is a vas deferens? | tube connecting testes to urethra, sperm cannot leave body if this tube is cut (vasectomy) |
| What do seminal vesicles do? | Produce sugars |
| Where is the prostate gland located and how big is it? | it sits at the bladder and is about walnut sized |
| Where does the bulbourethral gland sit and what does it do? | at the top of the penis and makes a better environment for sperm |
| What is semen? | secretions from various glands and testes |
| FSH and LH are made where? | Pituitary gland |
| What is FSH and what does it do? | follicle stimulating hormone and it helps produce sperm |
| What is LH and what does it do? | leteinizing hormone and it helps produce testosterone |
| Where are sperm developed? | In the testes |
| Oogenesis takes place where? | Ovaries |
| When does Meiosis 1 start and end? | before birth stops until puberty and then stops at menopause |
| What are oviducts? | Fallopian tubes |
| What are fallopian tubes? | tubes connecting ovaries to the uterus |
| What happens in the uterus? | development of offspring |
| What is endometrium? | lining of uterus |
| What is myometrium? | smooth muscle part of uterus |
| Where is the cervix located? | top of vagina, bottom of uterus |
| Menstruation starts by low levels of what? | estrogen and progesterone |
| FSH stimulates ovary and ovary produces what? | increasing estrogen amounts, making endometrium thicker |
| What is corpus luteum? | yellow body, continues to release hormones on ovary |
| At the end of the female cycle, if no fertilization occurred what happens? | decreasing levels cause endometrium to slough and process starts over |
| At the end of the female cycle, if fertilization occurs what happens? | Meiosis is completed, Cell division starts, embryo produces HCG until placenta takes over at about third month and continues through pregnancy |
| What is the structure of the circulatory system? | heart, blood vessels |
| What is the function of the circulatory system? | to transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide and wastes |
| What is an open circulatory system? | No blood vessel system. In bugs, spiders, crabs, snails |
| What is hemolymph? | blood equivalent in open circulatory systems |
| What is a closed system? | blood is in a system of vessels |
| What is the advantage to a closed system? | fluid can be moved around, higher blood pressure |
| What is a fish heart like? | 2 chambered heart pumps blood through one circuit |
| What is a frog heart like? | heart pumps blood through 2 partially separated circuits, single ventricle receives blood from each ventricle (more advanced than fish) |
| What is a reptile heart like? | septum partially divides ventricles, 3 chambered heart (more advanced than frog) |
| Crocodiles have how many chambers in their hearts? | 4 |
| What are birds and mammals hearts like? | 4 chambered, blood through 2 entirely different closed systems( pulmonary and systemic) |
| Pulmonary means what? | lungs |
| Systemic system goes to where? | the body |
| What is an electrocardiogram? | an electric recording of the heart contracting |
| What is the P wave? | excitation and contraction of atria |
| What is the QRS wave? | excitation and contraction of ventricles |
| What is the T wave? | recovery of ventricles |
| What is the AV node? | Sends signals to ventricles to contract |
| What are arteries? | carries blood away from the heart, thick layer of smooth muscle to withstand blood pressure |
| What are arterioles? | small arteries that adjust diameter to control blood flow |
| What are capillaries? | blood flows slowly so that diffuse can occur across cell walls |
| What are veins? | Take blood toward the heart, thin smooth muscle, thick connective tissue |
| What are valves? | keep blood from flowing backwards |
| Blood pressure is highest and lowest where? | highest in arteries, lowest in veins |
| What is systolic pressure? | ventricle contraction |
| What is diastolic pressure? | ventricle relaxing |
| In the blood pressure number 120/80 which is the systolic pressure and which is the diastolic pressure? | 120 is systolic and 80 is diastolic |
| What is plasma? | liquid portion of blood (water, salt, sugars, lipids, etc. ) |
| What is in the cellular portion of blood? | Red Blood Cells ( Hemoglobin), White Blood Cells (play a role in immunity) and platelets (clotting) |
| What is the function of blood? | transport oxygen and nutrients to cells, carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells, Immunity, Blood Clotting |
| What is the lymphatic system? | Returns fluid to circulatory system (tonsils and lymph nodes) |
| A sea anemone has what kind of skeletal system? | Hydroskeleton |
| Spiders, ticks and bugs have what kind of skeletal system? | Exoskeleton |
| Mice and dogs have what kind of skeletal system? | Endoskeleton |
| What is the function of a skeletal system? | support, protection, muscle attachment, blood production |
| Who studied and classified invertabraes and had a theory that variation is acquired? | Jean Baptist Lamark |
| Who had a theory that variation is inherited? | Charles Darwin |
| What is an archaeopteryx? | combination of bird and reptile |
| What are homologous structures? | Same Structure, Different functions |
| What are vestigial organs? | used to have a function |
| What are analogous structures? | Different Structure, Same Function |
| Pharyngeal pouches are what? | In embryos of humans, fish, reptiles, and bird and become middle ear bones in humans and gills in fish |
| What is divergent evolution? | Starts with common ancestor and diverges out |
| What is adaptive radiation and when does it tend to happen? | Very fast branching evolution, happens after mass extinction |
| What is convergent evolution? | Not related but adapted similar characteristics to environment (whale, tuna) |
| What is punctuated equilibrium? | a rapid change |
| What is phyletic gradualism? | a gradual change into two species |
| What is a mutation? | change in the DNA sequence |
| What is gene flow? | immigration and emigration |
| What is genetic drift? | a random change in allele frequency |
| What is the Bottleneck Effect? | Big population to a small, limited population, then branches out to a big population with limited genes |
| What is the Founder's Effect? | colonizing |
| What is fitness? | ability to survive and reproduce |
| What is directional selection? | moving towards one extreme |
| What is stabilizing selection? | moving away from both extremes |
| What is disruptive selection? | moving toward both extremes |
| What is mass extinction? | a relatively short period of time where more species become extinct than in other times |
| What is diversity? | all organisms on the face of the earth |
| What is taxonomy? | classifying all organisms on earth |
| What did Carolus Linnaeus come up with? | Binomial nomenclature, 2 Kingdoms- Animals Plants |
| What did Robert Whittaker come up with? | 5 Kingdoms- Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protista, Monera |
| What did Carl Woese come up with? | Six Kingdoms- Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protista, Archaea, Bacteria |
| What are the three domains? | Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea |
| What is a pathogen? | Disease causing organism |
| What is contagious? | Passed from one person to another |
| What is infectious? | organism lives in tissue |
| What is a virus? | nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat |
| What is a helical virus? | rod or thread like appearance |
| How do RNA viruses differ from DNA viruses? | they use Reverse Transcriptase to produce DNA from an RNA precursor |
| What is HIV Virus like structurally? | Capsid w/ envelope that has proteins on it that make more HIV virus |
| What is a bacteriophage? | virus that infects bacteria |
| What are the H and N in Influenza Virus and their functions? | humagglutinin to get into the cell neuraminidase to get out after replication |
| What is a prion? | mutated normal body protein |
| What is transmissible spongiform encephalopathy? | Transmissible spongy brain disease |
| How does Kuru effect you and what age group does it usually target? | Makes you shake, younger |
| How does Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease effect you and what age group does it usually target? | brain pattern and behavior, old with variant found in young people |
| What is bovine spongiform encephalopathy? | Mad Cow Disease |
| What is Scrapie? | In sheep, think they are itchy and they rub off all of there fur |
| What is C.W.D? | Chronic Wasting Disease |
| What is a bacteria's cell wall called? | peptidogylycan |
| What is mycobacterium tuberculosis? | bacteria that causes tuberculosis |
| What is bacillus? | Rod-shaped |
| What is coccus? | Sphere-shaped |
| What is spirillus? | Spiral or Comma-shaped |
| What are endospores? | mechanism to protect bacteria from harsh environmental changes |
| What is a parasite? | Disease causing heterotroph |
| What is bacillis anthracis? | pathogenic bacteria causing anthrax |
| what is Clostridium botulinum? | pathogenic bacteria causing botulism |
| What is vibrio cholerae? Shape? | causes cholera, it is comma shaped |
| What is yersina pestis? | bacteria that causes the Black Plague |
| What is Hansen's Disease | lepracy |
| What is Borrelia burgdorferi? | Lyme Disease |
| What are archaea? | live in extreme places, lack peptidoglycan, differ from bacteria |
| What are salt-loving archaea? | Halophiles |
| What are anaerobic environment loving archaea? | Methanogens |
| What are heat loving archaea? | Thermophiles |
| What are plant like protista? | Dinoflagellates Red 2 Flagellum |
| What are animal like protista? | Giardia (Beaver Fever) |
| What are fungus like protista? | Water Mold |
| Blood vessel are to us as _____ is to planaria? | gastrovascular system |
Created by:
rileyenlow
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