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Bio117 CH48
Freeman Vocab Chapter 48: Animal Reproduction
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| amnion | The membrane within an amniotic egg that surrounds the embryo and encloses it in a protective pool of fluid (amniotic fluid). |
| asexual reproduction | Any form of reproduction resulting in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. Includes binary fission, budding, and parthenogenesis. Compare with sexual reproduction. |
| baculum | A bone inside the penis usually present in mammals with a penis that lacks erectile tissue. |
| budding | Asexual reproduction via outgrowth from the parent that eventually break free as an independent individual; occurs in yeasts and some invertebrates. |
| bulbourethral gland | Small, paired glands at the base of the urethra in male mammals that secrete an alkaline mucus (part of semen), which lubricates the tip of the penis and neutralizes acids in the urethra during copulation. In humans, also called Cowper's glands. |
| cervix | The narrow passageway between the vagina and the uterus of female mammals. |
| clitoris | A small rod of erectile tissue in the external genitalia of female mammals. Is formed from the same embryonic tissue as the male penis and has a similar function in sexual arousal. |
| cloaca | An opening to the outside used by the excretory and reproductive systems in many nonmammalian vertebrate but few vertebrates. |
| clone | (1) An individual that is genetically identical to another individual. (2) A lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells. (3) As a verb, to make one or more genetic replicas of a cell or individual. |
| corpus luteum | A yellowish structure in an ovary that secretes progesterone. Is formed from a follicle that has recently ovulated. |
| egg | A mature female gamete and any associated external layers (such as a shell). Larger and less mobile than the male gamete. In animals, also called an ovum. |
| ejaculation | The release of semen from the copulatory organ of a male animal. |
| ejaculatory duct | A short duct connecting the vas deferens to the urethra, through which sperm move during ejaculation. |
| epididymis | A coiled tube wrapped around the testis in reptiles, birds, and mammals. The site of the final stages of sperm maturation and storage. |
| estradiol | The major estrogen produced by the ovaries of female mammals. Stimulates development of the female reproductive tract, growth of ovarian follicles, and growth of breast tissue. |
| estrogen | A class of steroid hormones, including estradiol, estrone, and estriol, that generally promote female-like traits. Secreted by the gonads, fat tissue, and some other organs. |
| estrous cycle | A female reproductive cycle, seen in all mammals except Old World monkeys and apes (including humans), in which the uterine lining is reabsorbed rather than shed in the absence of pregnancy, and the female is sexually receptive only briefly during mid-cyc |
| eutherian | A lineage of mammals (Eutheria) whose young develop in the uterus and are not housed in an abdominal pouch. Also called placental mammals. |
| fallopian tube | A narrow tube connecting the uterus to the ovary in humans, through which the egg travels after ovulation. Site of fertilization and cleavage. In nonhuman animals, called oviduct. |
| fetal alcohol syndrome | A condition, marked by hyperactivity, severe learning disabilities, and depression, thought to be caused by exposure of an individual to high blood alcohol concentrations during embryonic development. |
| fetus | In live-bearing animals, the unborn offspring after the embryonic stage, which usually are developed sufficiently to be recognizable as belonging to a certain species. In humans, from 9 weeks after fertilization until birth. |
| fission | A form of asexual reproduction in which a prokaryotic cell divides to produce two genetically similar daughter cells by a process similar to mitosis of eukaryotic cells. Also called binary fission. |
| follicle | An egg cell and its surrounding ring of supportive cells in a mammalian ovary. |
| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | A peptide hormone, produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary, that stimulates (in females) growth of eggs and follicles in the ovaries or (in males) sperm production in the testes. |
| follicular phase | The first major phase of a menstrual cycle during which follicles grow and estrogen levels increase; ends with ovulation. |
| gametogenesis | The production of gametes (eggs or sperm). |
| genitalia | External copulatory organs. |
| gestation | The duration of embryonic development from fertilization to birth in those species that have live birth. |
| gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) | A peptide hormone, produced and secreted by the hypothalamus, that stimulates release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary. |
| gonads | An organ that produces reproductive cells, such as a testis or an ovary. |
| hermaphrodite | An organism that produces both male and female gametes. |
| human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) | A glycoprotein hormone produced by the human placenta from about week 3 to week 14 of pregnancy. Maintains the corpus luteum, which produces hormones that preserve the uterine lining. |
| implantation | The process by which an embryo buries itself in the uterine wall and forms a placenta. Occurs in mammals and a few other vertebrates. |
| labia majora | One of two outer folds of skin that protect the labia minora, clitoris, and vaginal opening of female mammals. |
| labia minora | One of two inner folds of skin that protect the opening of the urethra and vagina. |
| labor | The strong muscular contractions of the uterus that expel the fetus during birth. |
| lactation | Production of milk from mammary glands of mammals. |
| luteal phase | The second major phase of a menstrual cycle, after ovulation, when the progesterone levels are high and the body is preparing for a possible pregnancy. |
| luteinizing hormone (LH) | A peptide hormone, produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary, that stimulates estrogen production, ovulation, and formation of the corpus luteum in females and testosterone production in males. |
| marsupial | A lineage of mammals (Marsupiala) that nourish their young in an abdominal pouch after a very short period of development in the uterus. |
| menstrual cycle | A female reproductive cycle seen in Old World monkeys and apes (including humans) in which the uterine lining is shed (menstruation) if no pregnancy occurs. Compare with estrous cycle. |
| menstruation | The periodic shedding of the uterine lining through the vagina that occurs in females of Old World monkeys and apes, including humans. |
| monotreme | A lineage of mammals (Monotremata) that lay eggs and then nourish the young with milk. Includes just three living species: the platypus and two species of echidna. |
| oogenesis | The production of egg cells (ova). |
| oogonia | The diploid cells in an ovary that can divide by mitosis to create more oogonia and primary oocytes, which can undergo meiosis. |
| ovary | The egg-producing organ of a female animal, or the seed-producing structure in the female part of a flower. |
| oviduct | A narrow tube connecting the uterus to the ovary in humans, through which the egg travels after ovulation. Site of fertilization and cleavage. In nonhuman animals, called oviduct. |
| oviparous | Producing eggs that are laid outside the body where they develop and hatch. Compare with ovoviviparous and viviparous. |
| ovoviviparous | Producing eggs that are retained inside the body until they are ready to hatch. Compare with oviparous and viviparous. |
| ovulation | The release of an ovum from an ovary of a female vertebrate. In humans, an ovarian follicle releases an egg at the end of the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. |
| ovum | The graphical depiction of the percentage of hemoglobin in the blood that will bind to oxygen at various partial pressures of oxygen. |
| oxygen-hemoglobin equilibrium curve | The graphical depiction of the percentage of hemoglobin in the blood that will bind to oxygen at various partial pressures of oxygen. |
| oxytocin | A peptide hormone, secreted by the posterior pituitary, that triggers labor and milk production in females and that stimulates pair bonding, parental care, and affiliative behavior in both sexes. |
| parthenogenesis | Development of offspring from unfertilized eggs; a form of asexual reproduction. |
| penis | The copulatory organ of male mammals, used to insert sperm into a female. |
| pheromone | A chemical signal, released by one individual into the external environment, that can trigger responses in a different individual. |
| placenta | A structure that forms in the pregnant uterus from maternal and fetal tissues. Exchanges nutrients and wastes between mother and fetus, anchors the fetus to the uterine wall, and produces some hormones. Occurs in most mammals and in a few other vertebrate |
| polar body | The tiny, nonfunctional cells produced during meiosis of a primary oocyte, due to most of the cytoplasm going to the ovum. |
| primary oocyte | The large diploid cell in an ovarian follicle that can initiate meiosis to produce a haploid ovum. |
| primary spermatocyte | A diploid cell in the testis that can initiate meiosis I to produce two secondary spermatocytes. |
| progesterone | A steroid hormone produced in the ovaries and secreted by the corpus luteum after ovulation; causes the uterine lining to thicken. |
| prostate gland | A gland in male mammals that surrounds the base of the urethra and secretes a fluid that is a component of semen. |
| proximate causation | In biology, the immediate, mechanistic cause of a phenomenon (how it happens), as opposed to why it evolved. Also called proximate explanation. Compare with ultimate causation. |
| puberty | The various physical and emotional changes that an immature animal undergoes leading to reproductive maturity. Also the period when such changes occur. |
| scrotum | A sac of skin, containing the testes, suspended just outside the abdominal body cavity of many male mammals. |
| secondary spermatocyte | A cell produced by meiosis I of a primary spermatocyte in the testis. Can undergo meiosis II to produce spermatids. |
| second-male advantage | The reproductive advantage of a male who mates with a female last, after other males have mated with her. |
| semen | The combination of sperm and accessory fluids that is released by male mammals and reptiles during ejaculation. |
| seminal vesicle | In male mammals, paired reproductive glands that secrete a sugar-containing fluid into semen, which provides energy for sperm movement. In other vertebrates and invertebrates, often stores sperm. |
| sexual reproduction | Any form of reproduction in which genes from two parents are combined via fusion of gametes, producing offspring that are genetically distinct from both parents. Compare with asexual reproduction. |
| sperm | A mature male gamete; smaller and more mobile than the female gamete. |
| sperm competition | Competition to fertilize eggs between the sperm of different males, inside the same female. |
| spermatid | An immature sperm cell. |
| spermatogenesis | The production of sperm. Occurs continuously in a testis. |
| spermatogonia | The diploid cells in a testis that can give rise to primary spermatocytes. |
| spermatophore | A gelatinous package of sperm cells that is produced by males of species that have internal fertilization without copulation. |
| testis | The sperm-producing organ of a male animal. |
| testosterone | A steroid hormone, produced and secreted by the testes, that stimulates sperm production and various male traits and reproductive behaviors. |
| ultimate causation | In biology, the reason that a trait or phenomenon is thought to have evolved; the adaptive advantage of that trait. Also called ultimate explanation. Compare with proximate causation. |
| umbilical cord | The cord that connects a developing mammalian embryo or fetus to the placenta and through which the embryo or fetus receives oxygen and nutrients. |
| urethra | The tube that drains urine from the bladder to the outside environment. In male vertebrates, also used for passage of sperm during ejaculation. |
| uterus | The organ in which developing embryos are housed in those vertebrates that give live birth. Common in most mammals and in some lizards, sharks, and other vertebrates. |
| vagina | The birth canal of female mammals; a muscular tube that extends from the uterus through the pelvis to the exterior. |
| vas deferens | A pair of muscular tubes that store and transport semen from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct. In nonhuman animals, called the ductus deferens. |
| viviparous | Producing live young (instead of eggs) that develop within the body of the mother before birth. Compare with oviparous and ovoviviparous. |
| zygote | The diploid cell formed by the union of two haploid gametes; a fertilized egg. Capable of undergoing embryological development to form an adult. |
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