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Bio117 CH47
Freeman Vocab Chapter 47: Chemical Signals in Animals
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 20-hydroxyecdysone | An insect hormone that triggers either molting (to a larger larval form) or metamorphosis (to the adult form), depending on the level of juvenile hormone. |
| adipocyte | A fat cell. |
| adrenal gland | Two small endocrine glands that sit above each kidney. The outer portion (cortex) secretes several steroid hormones; the inner portion (medulla) secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
| adrenaline | A catecholamine hormone, produced and secreted by the adrenal medulla, that triggers rapid responses relating to the fight-or-flight response. Also called adrenaline. |
| adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | A peptide hormone, produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary, that stimulates release of steroid hormones (e.g., cortisol, aldosterone) from the adrenal cortex. |
| aldosterone | A hormone produced in the adrenal cortex that stimulates the kidney to conserve salt and water and promotes retention of sodium. |
| anterior pituitary | The part of the pituitary gland containing endocrine cells that produce and release a variety of peptide hormones in response to other hormones from the hypothalamus. Compare with posterior pituitary. |
| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | A peptide hormone, secreted from the posterior pituitary gland, that stimulates water retention by the kidney. Also called vasopressin. |
| atrial natriuretic hormone | An animal hormone that stimulates excretion of salt from the kidneys. |
| autocrine | Relating to a chemical signal that affects the same cell that produced and released it. |
| catecholamine | A class of small compounds, derived from the amino acid tyrosine, that are used as hormones or neurotransmitters. Include epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine. |
| cholecystokinin | A peptide hormone secreted by cells in the lining of the small intestine. Stimulates the secretion of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and of bile from the liver and gallbladder. |
| corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) | A peptide hormone, produced and secreted by the hypothalamus, that stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH. |
| cortisol | A steroid hormone, produced and secreted by the adrenal cortex, that increases blood glucose and prepares the body for stress. The major glucocorticoid hormone in some mammals. Also called hydrocortisone. |
| Cushing's disease | A human endocrine disorder caused by loss of feedback inhibition of cortisol on ACTH secretion. Characterized by high ACTH and cortisol levels and wasting of body protein reserves. |
| cyclic AMP (cAMP) | Cyclic adenosine monophosphate; a small molecule, derived from ATP, that is widely used by cells in signal transduction and transcriptional control. |
| cytokine | A diverse group of autocrine signaling proteins, secreted largely by cells of the immune system, whose effects include stimulating leukocyte production, tissue repair, and fever. Generally function to regulate the intensity and duration of an immune respo |
| cytokinesis | Division of the cytoplasm to form two daughter cells. Typically occurs immediately after division of the nucleus by mitosis or meiosis. |
| dopamine | A catecholamine neurotransmitter that functions mainly in a part of the mammalian brain involved with muscle control. Also functions as a hypothalamic inhibitory hormone that inhibits release of prolactin from the interior pituitary; also called prolactin |
| ecdysone | An insect hormone that triggers either molting (to a larger larval form) or metamorphosis (to the adult form), depending on the level of juvenile hormone. |
| endocrine | Relating to a chemical signal (hormone) that is released into the bloodstream by a producing cell and acts on a distant target cell. |
| endocrine gland | A gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream or interstitial fluid instead of into ducts. Compare with exocrine gland. |
| endocrine system | All of the glands and tissues that produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream. |
| epinephrine | A catecholamine hormone, produced and secreted by the adrenal medulla, that triggers rapid responses relating to the fight-or-flight response. Also called adrenaline. |
| Erythropoietin (EPO) | A peptide hormone, released by the kidney in response to low blood oxygen levels, that stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells. |
| estradiol | The major estrogen produced by the ovaries of female mammals. Stimulates development of the female reproductive tract, growth of ovarian follicles, and growth of breast tissue. |
| estrogen | A class of steroid hormones, including estradiol, estrone, and estriol, that generally promote female-like traits. Secreted by the gonads, fat tissue, and some other organs. |
| exocrine gland | A gland that secretes some substance through a duct into a space other than the circulatory system, such as the digestive tract or the skin sufrace. Compare with endocrine gland. |
| feedback inhibition | A type of metabolic control in which high concentrations of the product of a metabolic pathway inhibit one of the enzymes early in the pathway. A form of negative feedback. |
| fight-or-flight response | Rapid physiological changes that prepare the body for emergencies. Includes increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, and decreased digestion. |
| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | A peptide hormone, produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary, that stimulates (in females) growth of eggs and follicles in the ovaries or (in males) sperm production in the testes. |
| gland | An organ whose primary function is to secrete some substance, either into the blood (endocrine gland) or into some other space such as the gut or skin (exocrine gland). |
| glucagon | A peptide hormone produced by the pancreas in response to low blood glucose. Raises blood glucose by triggering breakdown of glycogen and stimulating gluconeogenesis. Compare with insulin. |
| glucocorticoid | A class of steroid hormones, produced and secreted by the adrenal cortex, that increase blood glucose and prepare the body for stress. Include cortisol and corticosterone. Compare with mineralocorticoids. |
| gonads | An organ that produces reproductive cells, such as a testis or an ovary. |
| growth hormone (GH) | A peptide hormone, produced and secreted by the mammalian anterior pituitary, that promotes lengthening of the long bones in children and muscle growth, tissue repair, and lactation in adults. Also called somatotropin. |
| holometabolous metamorphosis | A type of metamorphosis in which the animal completely changes its form. Also called complete metamorphosis. |
| hormone | Any of numerous different signaling molecules that circulate throughout the body in blood or other body fluids and can trigger characteristic responses in distant target cells at very low concentrations. |
| hormone-response element | A specific sequence in DNA to which a steroid hormone-receptor complex can bind and affect gene transcription. |
| hypothalamic-pituitary axis | The functional interaction of the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, which are anatomically distinct but work together to regulate most of the other endocrine glands in the body. |
| hypothalamus | A part of the brain that functions in maintaining the body's internal physiological state by regulating the autonomic nervous system, endocrine system, body temperature, water balance, and appetite. |
| insulin | A peptide hormone produced by the pancreas in response to high levels of glucose (or amino acids) in blood. Enables cells to absorb glucose and coordinates synthesis of fats, proteins, and glycogen. Compare with glucagon. |
| juvenile hormone | An insect hormone that prevents larvae from metamorphosing into adults. |
| kidney | In terrestrial vertebrates, one of a paired organ situated at the back of the abdominal cavity that filters the blood, produces urine, and secretes several hormones. |
| leptin | A hormone produced and secreted by fat cells (adipocytes) that acts to stabilize fat tissue mass in part by inhibiting appetite and increasing energy expenditure. |
| lichen | A symbiotic association of a fungus and a photosynthetic alga. |
| luteinizing hormone (LH) | A peptide hormone, produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary, that stimulates estrogen production, ovulation, and formation of the corpus luteum in females and testosterone production in males. |
| metamorphosis | Transition from one developmental stage to another, such as from the larval to the adult form of an animal. |
| mineralocorticoid | A class of steroid hormones, produced and secreted by the adrenal cortex, that regulate electrolyte levels and the overall volume of body fluids. Aldosterone is the principal one in humans. Compare with glucocorticoids. |
| Mullerian inhibitory substance | A peptide hormone secreted by the embryonic testis that causes regression (withering away) of the female reproductive ducts. |
| negative feedback | A self-limiting, corrective response in which a deviation in some variable (e.g., body temperature, blood pH, concentration of some compound) triggers responses aimed at returning the variable to normal. |
| neural | Relating to nerve cells (neurons) and the nervous system. |
| neuroendocrine | Referring to nerve cells (neurons) that release hormones into the blood or to such hormones themselves. |
| neurosecretory cell | A nerve cell (neuron) that produces and secretes hormones into the bloodstream. Principally found in the hypothalamus. Also called neuroendocrine cell. |
| norepinephrine | A catecholamine used as a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system. Also is produced by the adrenal medulla and functions as a hormone that triggers rapid responses relating to the fight-or-flight response. |
| ovary | The egg-producing organ of a female animal, or the seed-producing structure in the female part of a flower. |
| oxytocin | A peptide hormone, secreted by the posterior pituitary, that triggers labor and milk production in females and that stimulates pair bonding, parental care, and affiliative behavior in both sexes. |
| pancreas | A large gland in vertebrates that has both exocrine and endocrine functions. Secretes digestive enzymes into a duct connected to the intestine and several hormones (notably, insulin and glucagon) into the bloodstream. |
| parabiosis | An experimental technique for determining whether a certain physiological phenomenon is regulated by a hormone, by surgically uniting two individuals so that hormones can pass between them. |
| paracrine | Relating to a chemical signal that is released by one cell and affects neighboring cells. |
| parathyroid gland | Four small glands, located near or embedded in the thyroid gland of vertebrates, that secrete parathyroid hormone. |
| pheromone | A chemical signal, released by one individual into the external environment, that can trigger responses in a different individual. |
| phosphorylase | An enzyme that breaks down glycogen by catalyzing hydrolysis of the a-glycosidic linkages between the glucose residues. |
| pituitary gland | A small gland directly under the brain that is physically and functionally connected to the hypothalamus. Produces and secretes an array of hormones that affect many other glands and organs. |
| posterior pituitary | The part of the pituitary gland that contains the ends of hypothalamic neurosecretory cells and from which oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are secreted. Compare with anterior pituitary. |
| prolactin (PRL) | A peptide hormone, produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary, that promotes milk production in female mammals and has a variety of effects on parental behavior and seasonal reproduction in other vertebrates. |
| puberty | The various physical and emotional changes that an immature animal undergoes leading to reproductive maturity. Also the period when such changes occur. |
| second messenger | A nonprotein signaling molecule produced or activated inside a cell in response to stimulation at the cell surface. Commonly used to relay the message of a hormone or other extracellular signaling molecule. |
| secretin | A peptide hormone produced by cells in the small intestine in response to the arrival of food from the stomach. Stimulates secretion of bicarbonate (HCO3–) from the pancreas. |
| signal transduction | The process by which a stimulus (e.g., a hormone, a neurotransmitter, or sensory information) outside a cell is amplified and converted into a response by the cell. Usually involves a specific sequence of molecular events, or signal transduction pathway. |
| signal transduction cascade | the response of a cell to the application of an external stimulus. Stimuli can be chemical or physical, typical examples being light, oxygen, nutrients, hormones. |
| somatostatin | A hormone secreted by the pancreas and hypothalamus that inhibits the release of several other hormones. |
| steroid hormone receptor | One of a family of intracellular receptors that bind to various steroid hormones, forming a hormone-receptor complex that acts as a regulatory transcription factor and activates transcription of specific target genes. |
| testis | The sperm-producing organ of a male animal. |
| testosterone | A steroid hormone, produced and secreted by the testes, that stimulates sperm production and various male traits and reproductive behaviors. |
| thyroid gland | A gland in the neck that releases thyroid hormone (which increases metabolic rate) and calcitonin (which lowers blood calcium). |
| thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | A peptide hormone, produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary, that stimulates release of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland. |
| thyroxine (T4) | A peptide hormone containing four iodine atoms that is produced and secreted by the thyroid gland. Acts primarily to increase cellular metabolism. In mammals, T4 is converted to the more active hormone triiodothyronine (T3) in the liver. |
| triidothyrodine (T3) | A peptide hormone, containing three iodine atoms that is produced and secreted by the thyroid gland. Acts primarily to increase cellular metabolism. In mammals, T3 has a stronger effect than does the related hormone throxine (T4). |
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