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Pip's Nutrition AP
Nutrition 913110
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Homeostasis | Internal stability Ex: Body temperature, blood pH, Regulation of heartbeat |
| Crop | Found in digestive tract of birds, earthworms, and grasshoppers Temporary storage of food Located anterior to gizzard |
| Gizzard | Found in digestive tract of birds, earthworms, and grasshoppers Thick muscular wall; breaks down food mechanically |
| Typhlosole | Large fold in the upper surface of the earthworm intestine Greatly increases surface area for greater absorption of nutrients |
| Peristalsis | Rhythmic waves of contractions by smooth muscles in the wall of digestive canal that push food along the tract |
| Digestion in the mouth | Mechanical digestion: teeth and tongue Different types of teeth in humans:incisors, canines, molars Chemical digestion |
| Incisors | Cutting and tearing |
| Canines | Killing and ripping into flesh |
| Molars | Grinding plant matter |
| Chemical digestion | Salivary amylase released by salivary glands begins the breakdown of starch |
| Digestion in the Stomach | Mechanical-churning action of muscular wall Chemical-protein digestion begins here Gastric pits line stomach wall and contain parietal&chief cells |
| Parietal Cells | Release HCL acid |
| Chief Cells | Release pepsinogen, an inactive form of pepsin; pepsinogen is activated by HCl acid |
| Digestive Enzymes | Amylase, Pepsin or Peptidase, Lipase |
| Amylase | Digestive enzyme that hydrolyzes starch Released in mouth and small intestine |
| Pepsin or Peptidase | Digestive enzyme that hydrolyzes protein Protein digestion begins in the stomach Other peptidases: trypsin and chymotrypsin are released into small intestine from pancreas |
| Lipase | Digests lipids into glycerol and fatty acids Released by small intestine |
| Cardiac Sphincter | Band of muscle at the top of stomach that keeps food from backing up into esophagus, causing indigestion or heartburn |
| Pyloric Sphincter | Band of muscle that regulates the passage of chyme moving form stomach to small intestine |
| Liver | Digestive, Homeostasis, Excretory, Transport, Detoxification |
| Digestive (Liver) | Produces the emulsifier bile stored in the gallbladder |
| Homeostasis (Liver) | Stores sugars as glycogen |
| Excretory (Liver) | Deamination of amino acids and production of nitrogenous wastes, such as urea |
| Transport (Liver) | Synthesizes blood plasma proteins important in blood clotting plasma proteins important in blood clotting |
| Detoxification (Liver) | Breaks down alcohol and other toxins |
| Small Intestine | Completion of all digestion and absorption of nutrients First 10"=where most digestion is completed Secretes hydrolytic enzymes=amylases, proteases, lipases, and nucleases Inner walls lined with villi and microvilli 6 meters long in adult humans |
| Villi | fingerlike projections that line small intestine, thus increasing surface area to increase absorption of nutrients into blood Each villus contains a lacteal, a small vessel of the lymphatic system, and capillaries; both absorb nutrients into bloodstream |
| Microvilli | Cytoplasmic extensions from each epithelial cell, make up the villi and further increase surface area and absorption; they give the lining of the small intestine a velvety appearance called a brush border |
| Gallbladder | Stores and releases the emulsifier bile into small intestine Located next to liver |
| Pancreas | Secretes hydrolytic enzymes into duodenum of small intestine to digest proteins Secretes bicarbonate into duodenum to neutralize acidity of chyme from stomach Functions as exocrine gland in digestion&endocrine gland in maintenance of normal blood sugar |
| Colon (Large Intestine) | Egestion: Removal of undigested waste Reabsorption of excess water into bloodstream Vitamin K and B production by bacteria The bacterium E. coli is a symbiont of in the colon |
| Rectum | Terminal portion of colon where feces are stored until eliminated through the anus |
| Diarrhea | Watery, loose bowel movements that result when an inadequate amount of water is reabsorbed by the large intestine |
| Constipation | Dry, hard bowel movements that result when too much water is reabsorbed by the large intestine |
| Hormones that Regulate Digestion | Gastrin, Secretin, Cholecystokinin (CSK) |
| Gastrin | Secreted by stomach wall Stimulates secretion of gastric juice |
| Secretin | Secreted by duodenal wall Stimulates pancreas to release bicarbonate ion HCO3- to neutralize stomach acid |
| Cholecystokinin (CSK) | Secreted by duodenum Stimulates pancreas to release pancreatic enzyme and gallbladder to release bile into small intestine |
| Bile | Produced in liver and stored in gallbladder An emulsifier that mechanical breaks down fats into smaller fat molecules Increases fats' surface area, thereby enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis |
| Where Nutrients are Digested | Fats:Small intestine Proteins:Begins in stomach, completed in small intestine Nucleic acid:small intestine Starch:Begins in mouth, completed in small intestine Vitamins&Minerals: diffuse directly into bloodstream All digestion completed in small inte |
| Ulcer | Lesion in wall of digestive tract by either: Inadequate production of mucus for stomach lining Excess of stomach acid Presence of the bacterium Heliobacter pylori |
| Digestion | Intracellular Digestion, Extracellular digestion |
| Intracellular digestion | Carried out inside all animals in food vacuoles and lysosomes |
| Extracellular digestion | Carried out outside the cells in the stomach in complex animals or in gastrovascular cavity in primitive animals like the hydra |
| Epiglottis | Flap of cartilage in the back of the pharynx Direct food into the esophagus of air into lungs |
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tracypippins
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