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Words to Know
Vocabulary needed for test success
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| inference | to draw a conclusion from the given data |
| extrapolate | to make a prediction from the given data |
| deduce | to draw a conclusion based on logical reasoning |
| inclusive | including or contains |
| detrimental | a negative effect |
| optimum | best |
| beneficial | favorable or providing a good/positive result |
| pathogen | disease causing |
| vital | Absolutely necessary or important; essential |
| diverse | showing a great deal of variety |
| promote | to support or actively encourage |
| inhibit | to prevent |
| wilt | plants that become limp due to water loss |
| analyze | to examine in detail |
| exclusive | excluding or not admitting things |
| application | "the act of putting something to a special use, such as in an experiment" |
| differentiation | the process by which a cell becomes specialized in order to carry out a function as in the case of liver cells or blood cells |
| implication | a conclusion that can be drawn; or a likely consequence of an action |
| biomolecule | "an organic molecule; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids" |
| macromolecule | another name for biomolecule |
| organic catalyst | another name for enzyme; a substance that will speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy |
| quantitative | "Data that can be measured, will have a numeric value, for example- temperature" |
| qualitative | "Observational data that can not be measured, for example- the sky is blue" |
| divergent evolution | evolution from a single species into many different species as they fill available niches |
| convergent evolution | evolution of similar traits in different species; nature's way of solving similar problems such as ability to fly |
| catabolic | breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones by an enzyme |
| anabolic | the process by which simple molecules are synthesized into more complex molecules by enzymes |
| monosaccharide | "monomer of a carbohydrate, a single ring of sugar" |
| monomer | the building block of any biomolecule |
| polysaccharide | many monosaccharides bonded together |
| polymer | two or more monomers bonded together |
| phototropism | the bending of plants towards a light source |
| geotropism | plant's response to gravity; also called gravitropism |
| niche | an ecological job or role of an organism |
| biotic | living factors |
| abiotic | "non-living, such as rocks, temperature, water" |
| denature | to physically change the shape of a protein (such as an enzyme) so that it can no longer function as it should |
| population | group of the same species in the same place at the same time (pack of wolves) |
| species | organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring |
| binomial nomenclature | "another name for the scientific name, made up of the genus and species of an organism" |
| denitrification | the process of going from various forms of nitrogen in the soil BACK to atmospheric nitrogen |
| limiting factor | any factor that will restrict the growth of a population |
| carrying capacity | the maximum population size that can be supported in an area |
| density dependent | limiting factors that rely on a large population size to restrict growth such as food |
| density independent | "limiting factors that affect all population sizes equally, such as natural disasters" |
| eukaryote | "organisms that have a nucleus, membrane bound organelles and are large/complex" |
| prokaryote | "organisms that do not have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles, are small and simple" |
| autotroph | organism that can produce its own food (photosynthetic or chemosynthetic) |
| heterotroph | organism that must consume other organisms to obtain energy |
| saprophyte/saprobe | decomposers |
| classify | to organize organisms based on characteristics |
| cladogram | branching diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships of mulitple species |
| pedigree | a family tree of traits |
| recombinant DNA | DNA that has been manufactured artificially through the combination of DNA from two different organisms |
| gel eletrophoresis | "also called DNA fingerprinting, a process that can help determine the relationship of organisms by the number of matching bands" |
| plasmid | circular strand of DNA that is inserted in a different organism; used in genetic engineering |
| vector | a carrier or host of an infective or transmittable agent from one organism to another |
| adaptive radiation | a type of divergent evolution in which many different species evolve from one original species. Galapagos finches are an ex. |
| speciation | evolutionary formation of new species |
| stasis | period of inactivity or equilibrium |
| ecosystem | Level of biological organization in which populations are interacting with each other and the abiotic factors |
| biological community | different populations interacting with each other (pack of wolves with a herd of deer) |
| mitosis | Somatic cell division that results in 2 identical diploid daughter cells |
| meiosis | Gametic cell division that results in 4 haploid cells |
| gamete | sex cells (sperm and egg) |
| somatic | "body cells (skin, hair, etc)" |
| homologous chromosome | chromosome pair with genes of the same traits |
| xylem | vascular tissue that transmits water from the roots to the leaves of the plant |
| phloem | vascular tissue that transmits sugars from the leaves to the roots of the plant |
| guard cell | specialized cells that open and close stoma; help control gas exchange and reduce water loss |
| stomata | "openings on the underside of the leaf, primarily used for gas exchange and are also the location of transpiration" |
| cuticle | waxy covering on plants (mainly leaves) to help prevent water loss |
| natural selection | "Organisms most fit (best suited) for their environment survive and reproduce, passing on beneficial adaptations" |
| artificial selection | "when humans choose which organisms will reproduce based on desired characteristics (cattle, dogs etc)" |
| adaptation | A beneficial trait or characteristic that gives an organism an advantage in survival |
| biomagnification | "The buildup of toxic chemicals in the food chain, will see highest concentration in the tertiary level consumers" |
| trophic level | "feeding level (produce, herbivore, carnivore)" |
| climax community | "Stable community dominated by trees, pinnacle of succession" |
| pioneer species | species that are first to inhabit a habitat; are generally fast growing and tolerant of a variety of living conditions |
| acid | pH from 0-6; strong acids are closer to 0 |
| base | pH from 8-14; strong bases are closer to 14 |
| symbiosis | "ecological relationship between two different organisms (mutualism, parasitism, commensalism, predator-prey)" |
| turgor pressure | "pressure exerted on a plant cell wall by water moving into the cell via osmosis; makes cells rigid, helps the plant to stay upright" |
| homeostasis | balance; equilibrium |
| control | "The portion of an experiment that has no independent variable applied (considered to be the ""normal"" condition)" |
| constant | "What is kept the same throughout an experiment (amount of daylight, amount of soil, length of experiment)" |
| Independent Variable | what is manipulated or changed in an experiment (graphed on the X axis) |
| Dependent variable | "the result, or what is measured (graphed on the Y axis)" |
| semi permeable | "allows certain materials to pass through, but not al" |
| aerobic respiration | cell respiration that requires oxygen |
| anaerobic respiration | cell respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen (2 types- lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation) |
| cell plate | "Newly formed cell wall that appears at the end of mitosis in plant cell, just before cytokinesis" |
| cleavage furrow | "the pinching in of the cell membrane in animal cells during mitosis, just before cytokinesis" |
| "G1, S, G2" | "Part of the cell cycle (growth, synthesis of DNA, growth)" |
| replication | making a copy of DNA before cell division occurs so that each new cell gets a complete copy of DNA |
| transcription | "going from DNA to mRNA, this must occur before proteins can by synthesized by a ribosome" |
| translation | "building of a protein. Ribosomes read the mRNA codons, and the tRNA anticodons bring back the correct amino acids" |
| hybrid | Resulting genetic cross between two organisms (a mixing of their traits) |
| purebreeding | An organism that can only pass on one type of allele ( AA or aa) |
| karyotype | the numbering and visual appearance of chromosomes; can be used to determine gender and chromosomal abnormalities |
| lysogenic | "long term viral replication cycle, viral DNA is incorporated into host cell, cell carries on as normal. DOES NOT KILL HOST CELL" |
| lytic | "short term viral replication cycle; viral DNA hijacks host cell forcing it to build viruses, cell eventually will lyse and release viruses kill the host cell" |
| phage | Another name for bacteriophage short hand term for a virus that infects only bacteria |
| habitat | where an organism lives out its life |
| transpiration | water loss from plants |
| cell respiration | "the process of taking in glucose and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water and ATP; occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotes" |
| photosynthesis | the process of taking in carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen |
| reactant | substances present at the start of chemical reactions (found to the left of the arrow) |
| product | substances present at the end of a chemical reactions (found to the right of the arrow) |
| homozygous | when alleles are identical (AA or aa) |
| heterzygous | both dominant and recessive alleles (Aa) |
| DNA polymerase | enzyme that puts back complementary DNA bases during the process of replication |
| mutation | any change in the original DNA structure |
| tertiary | any consumer that is 3rd order or higher |
| law of 10% | transfer of available energy from one trophic level to the next |
| dichotomous key | series of questions used to identify an unknown organism based on physical characteristics |
| monohybrid | genetic cross involving only one trait (AA x aa) |
| dihybrid | genetic cross involving two traits (AABB x aabb) |
| law of superposition | fossils found on the top layer of rock are younger than fossils found in the bottom layer |
| crossing over | exchange of genes on homologous chromosomes during meiosis. Results in increased variety of traits |
| variation | differences within a population |
| homologous structure | "Features that are structurally similar, but may have different functions; evidence of common ancestors" |
| analogous structure | "Features that are similar in function, but are different structurally; evidence of NO common ancestors" |
| vestigial structure | structures that remain; but no longer serve a purpose |
| chitin | protein that makes up the cell walls of fungus |
| lichen | mutualistic symbiotic relationship between algae and fungus |
| primary succession | "succession that occurs on newly formed land, soil must form first, before plants can inhabit" |
| secondary succession | "soil is already formed, but a disturbance has removed existing plants, allowing for new plants to inhabit the area" |
| pseudopod | """false foot"" method of locomotion used by amoeba" |
| cilia | short hairlike projections that can be used for movement |
| flagella | long whip-like tails that can be used for movement |
| Darwin | "Did research on the Galapagos Islands, 1st to publish the idea of evolution by natural selection" |
| Mendel | Did research on heredity of traits via pea plants |
| Linnaeus | father of taxonomy; developed universal classification system used today |
| taxonomy | classification of organisms based on characteristics |
| evolution | change over time or descent with modification |
| sexual reproduction | requires the combination of gametes (sperm and egg) to create a new organism |
| asexual reproduction | "a method of reproduction that involves only one organism, resulting offspring are ""clones"" of parent" |
| conjugation | """sexual"" reproduction in bacteria; bacteria will exchange DNA segments " |
| binary fission | "asexual reproduction in bacteria, very similar to mitosis" |
| detritus | "dead, decaying organic material" |
| exponential growth | J-shaped curve; rapid growth |
| logistic growth | "S-shaped curve; short period of rapid growth, followed by leveling out of population size" |
| extracellular digestion | digestion that occurs outside of the cell; used by fungus to breakdown organic matter so it can be absorbed as food source |
| vaccine | "a weakened virus that is injected into a human to induce an immune response, this will provide activity immunity " |
| active immunity | "when an immune system to has been stressed by a disease and produces antibodies, preventing further infections from that pathogen" |
| passive immunity | "antibodies that are either directly injected from another source, or acquired from mother to child" |
| antibiotic | chemicals that inhibit the growth of bacteria |
| field of view | "area seen under a microscope, as you increase magnification, you decrease the field of view." |
| diffusion | movement of particles from high to low concentration |
| passive transport | movement of particles from high to low concentration; goes with concentration gradient |
| active transport | "movement of particles from low to high concentration; goes against concentration gradient, requires ATP" |
| hypotonic | "When the concentration of solute is greater inside the cell than outside, water moves into the cell, cell will swell up" |
| hypertonic | "When the concentration of solute is greater outside the cell than inside, water moves out of the cell, cell will shrink" |
| isotonic | concentration of solute is equal in and outside of the cell; cell remains the same. |
| concentration gradient | direction of particle flow (High to low) creates a current |
| amoeba | heterotrophic protist that moves via pseudopod |
| euglena | "protist that moves via flagella, can be both autotrophic and heterotrophic" |
| paramecium | heterotrophic protist that moves via cilia |
| contractile vacuole | modified vacuole that protists can use to pump out water when in a hypotonic solution |
| theory | explains how or why something happens (Theory of Evolution) |
| law | explains what will happen- but NOT how or why (Law of Gravity) |
| activation energy | the amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction |
| active site | area on an enzyme that will hold the substrate |
| substrate | what an enzyme will act on. |
| mitochondria | """powerhouse"" of the cell. Location of cell respiration" |
| chloroplast | "site of photosynthesis in a cell, contains chlorophyll" |
| protein synthesis | The assembly of proteins from amino acids. Takes place at the ribosome |
| ribosome | site of protein synthesis |
| amino acid | "monomer of a protein. 20 different amino acids, depending on the combination of amino acids at assembly, will determine which protein is made" |
| carbohydrate | "biomolecule that is a short term energy source, monomer is a monosaccharide, sugar is an example " |
| nucleic acid | biomolecule that carries the directions for making proteins; examples are DNA and RNA |
| nucleotide | "monomer of a nucleic acid; consists of a sugar, phosphate and nitrogen base" |
| lipid | "biomolecule that is a long term source of energy or can act is insulation, examples are fat, waxes, and oils" |
| diploid | 2n (full set of chromosomes); somatic cells are diploid |
| haploid | n (half of the chromosomes); gametes are haploid |
| cancer | "uncontrolled cell growth, can be a result of exposure to UV radiation or chemicals, which mutates the DNA" |
| double helix | the shape of DNA |
| fertilization | "uniting of sperm and egg, returns the chromosome number to diploid " |
| zygote | "end result of fertilization between sperm and egg, will go on to develop into an embryo" |
| alleles | "form of a gene, can be dominant or recessive (A or a)" |
| sex-linked | Traits that are carried on the sex chromosomes |
| dominant | Trait that will be expressed in both homozygous and heterzygous genotypes |
| recessive | Trait that is only expressed in homozygous recessive genotypes |
| phenotype | "The physical, observable trait that the organism has" |
| genotype | "The allele combination of the organism (AA, Aa, aa)" |
| epigenetics | Study of how the environment and other factors can influence gene expression |
| incomplete dominance | "Neither trait is dominant over the other, and in heterozygous form produces a blended (intermediate) trait" |
| codominance | "When both traits are expressed equally, neither one is dominant over the other" |
| autosome | "non-sex chromosomes, pairs number 1-22 on a karyotype " |
| sex chromosomes | chromosomes that will determine gender; pair @32 on a karyotype |
| restriction enzyme | """molecular scissors"" that recognize a certain sequence of bases and will cut the DNA into many segments" |
| transgenic organism | organism that has had the DNA from a different organism inserted into it. |
| phylogeny | """family tree"" of evolution" |
| embryology | comparison of developing embryos of different species to look at similarities in development and structure |
| gradualism | steady/consistent evolutionary change. Graphically looks like a positive slope line |
| punctuated equilibrium | "periods of high evolutionary change, followed by periods of little or no change. Graphically looks like stairs" |
| genetic drift | change in the frequency of alleles as the result of random mating within a population |
| gene flow | transfer of genes from one population to another via immigration and emigration |
| gene pool | total amount of genetic information contained within a population |
| immigration | movement of organisms into a population |
| emigration | movement of organisms out of a population |
| Levels of Classification | "Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species" |
| multicellular | organism that is made up of many cells working together |
| unicellular | complete organism that is only 1 cell |
| zone of inhibition | "area surrounding antibiotics where bacteria don?t grow. Large the Zone, the more effective the antibiotic is" |
| bacteriophage | virus that only infects bacteria |
| capsid | protein coat on a virus |
| retrovirus | Virus who's genetic material is made of RNA |
| HIV | "Retrovirus that undergoes the lysogenic cycle, when the virus goes lytic, the host will develop AIDS" |
| influenza | Virus that undergoes the lytic cycle |
| Helper T cell | another name for a white blood cell |
| endospore | bacteria will form these in unsuitable conditions; hibernation mode for bacteria |
| pistil | "female reproductive structure on flowering plant, produces seeds" |
| stamen | "male reproductive structure on flowering plant, produces pollen" |
| thigmotropism | response to touch |
| hormone | chemical messenger |
| endocytosis | when large materials are brought into a cell |
| exocytosis | expulsion of materials from a cell |
| competition | "when two organisms compete for resources (food, shelter, mates, etc)" |
| biosphere | the area of earth that can support life |
| stable | little or no change occurring |
| nitrogen-fixation | conversion of atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2) into forms usable by plants and animals. Done by bacteria and lightning |
| food chain | single set of feeding relationships |
| food web | all potential feeding relationships |
| cotyledon | embryonic seed leaves |
| vascular | "plants that contain phloem and xylem, can live away from water " |
| non-vascular | "plants lacking vascular tissue, very small and must live close to water " |
| seed dispersal | "4 methods: wind, water, animal and explosion" |
| peptide bond | type of bonding present between amino acids |
| polypeptide | long chain of amino acids bound together by peptide bonds |
| biology | the study of life |
| biomass | amount of living material |
Created by:
sdalpe
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